Metalliteollisuuden Standardisointiyhdistys

 

This document is applicable to the design, information for use, maintenance and testing of power-driven winches for which the prime mover is an electric motor, hydraulic motor, or pneumatic motor. Winches are designed for the movement or manipulation of loads supported on level or inclined planes in situations where risks resulting from a failure of the winding mechanism or pulling medium are mitigated by external measures. This document is not applicable to devices which handle suspended loads. Generally, a winch is used without any additional transport movement, except in cases where a winch is used on a stranded vehicle for self-recovery of the vehicle. Applications of winches covered are for example, but not limited to: a) rope winches; b) belt winches, except steel belts used as pulling media; c) traction winches, including double capstan and traction sheave winches. These types of winches a) to c) also include the following specific applications: — vehicle recovery winches; — winches for boat trailers; — winches for stationary offshore applications. NOTE Examples are shown in Annex H. This document does not apply to: — power-driven hoists in accordance with EN 14492-2; — forestry winches in accordance with EN ISO 19472-1; — winches for seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units; — winches for the lifting of persons; — NGL building hoists in accordance with EN 14492-2; — winches for the handling of hot molten masses. This document deals with the significant hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events relevant to power driven winches when used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable, identified in Annex A. This document does not specify additional requirements for hazards related to the use of power driven winches in explosive atmospheres in underground mines.

 

This document identifies common failure modes, which can occur within operations across additive manufacturing (AM) process categories defined in ISO/ASTM 52900. It lists state-of-the-art failure modes, which can lead to risks within AM parts and equipment, as well as providing informative examples of corresponding failure effects and mitigation actions. This document can be used to aid manufacturers in their risk management. While doing so it supports the implementation of AM as a production method within critical applications and regulated industries. This document helps to address the requirements for risk management set by regulated industries for part and production method compliance. Technology specific failure modes will be addressed in separate standards, including but not limited to PBF-LB/M, PBF-LB/P, MEX, MJT, BJT, and DED. This document aims to close the existing gap between general risk management standards, such as ISO 31000 or ISO 14971 (medical), and the know-how gap of existing failure modes of the AM process category and their integrated workflow. The standard maps risks according to AM processes defined within ISO/ASTM 52920. This document does not cover environment, health and safety risks and will not measure, assess, or evaluate the risk impact on the AM part to be produced. It does not list the part specific input and output parameters, during the respective process steps. This task is dedicated to the risk management evaluation teams, which usually comprise quality managers and product domain specific experts. The document enables all part owners and manufacturers to use it for the risk mapping activities, to support subsequent risk assessments, continuous improvement, validation planning, estimation of manufacturing efforts, and conformity audits. For risk examples that are relevant only to specific AM machinery brands, manufacturers might consider use of the informative annex.

 

This document defines the rules to be applied for symbolic representation of welded joints on technical drawings. This can include information about the geometry, manufacture, quality and testing of the welds. The principles of this document can also be applied to soldered and brazed joints. It is recognized that there are two different approaches in the global market to designate the arrow side and other side on drawings. In this document: — clauses, tables and figures which carry the suffix letter "A" are applicable only to the symbolic representation system based on a dual reference line; — clauses, tables and figures which carry the suffix letter "B" are applicable only to the symbolic representation system based on a single reference line; — clauses, tables and figures which do not have the suffix letter "A" or "B" are applicable to both systems. The symbols shown in this document can be combined with other symbols used on technical drawings, for example to show surface finish requirements. An alternative designation method is presented which can be used to represent welded joints on drawings by specifying essential design information such as weld dimensions, quality level, etc. The joint preparation and welding process(es) are then determined by the production unit in order to meet the specified requirements. NOTE Examples given in this document, including dimensions, are illustrative only and are intended to demonstrate the proper application of principles.

 

This document specifies two test methods for the determination of the resistance of the edges of brittle ceramic materials to be damaged by chipping. This document is applicable to homogeneous monolithic ceramics with flat surfaces and straight sharp or chamfered edges.

 

This document specifies guidelines and recommendations to be followed prior to carrying out dimensional measurements on three-dimensional (3D) volumetric X-ray Computed Tomographic (XCT) images of additive manufacturing (AM) series production parts. It is applicable to cone beam XCT systems. However, these guidelines and recommendations can easily be transposed to fan beam XCT systems. The process to be followed prior to performing dimensional measurement on 3D volumetric XCT images of AM series production parts, in this standard, is divided into two steps: Step 1: Quantification of an XCT system performance, in terms of image quality and basic dimensional measurement accuracy, with a reference object and eventually a Representative Quality Indicators (RQI), with the specific part (part chosen from the AM series production parts) XCT setting under certain environmental conditions. This step leads to the determination of the image quality, the voxel size and the basic dimensional measurement accuracy of an XCT system; Step 2: Validation of the XCT system compliance, in terms of dimensional measurement accuracy, with the specific part, with the chosen XCT setting under the specific environmental conditions. This step leads to a simplified determination of the dimensional measurement uncertainty of each measurand of the specific part. If step 1 does not comply with the set requirements, the XCT system cannot be used for step 2. This document does not claim to provide a definitive method to determine XCT dimensional measurement accuracy, which, given the complexity of an XCT process, is not yet established. For the same reason, it is addressed to qualified XCT operators with the support of metrology experts. This document is dedicated to AM series production parts and its aim is to provide a methodology for controlling the geometric specificities associated with AM (internal shapes, lattice structures). It is applicable on parts that are fabricated by any type of AM categories of processes and material provided the X-ray penetration lengths are sufficient to scan the test part. These prior quantification and validation processes, which allow dimensional measurements to be carry out on 3D volumetric XCT images of AM series production parts, are valid for a specific part geometry in a given material associated with a chosen XCT setting (magnification & XCT acquisition and reconstruction parameters of the specific part) under specific environmental conditions for the measurands specified. The quantification and validation processes are reconsidered when different geometry of the part or material or XCT setting or environmental conditions or measurands are taken into account.

 

This document specifies the technical conditions for inspection and delivery of wrought aluminium and wrought aluminium alloy sheet, strip and plate for general applications. It also includes provisions for ordering and testing. It applies to products with a thickness over 0,20 mm up to and including 400 mm. For many special applications of aluminium strip, sheet and plate, specific European Standards exist, where different or additional requirements are formulated and the appropriate alloys and tempers are selected: see Annex A. Most of these special European Standards refer to provisions of this document. The selection of the relevant special European Standards is under the responsibility of the purchaser. Specific European Standards are available for applications involving special properties, such as corrosion resistance, toughness, fatigue strength, surface appearance or welding properties.

 

1.1 Scope of prEN 1993-1-4 This document provides supplementary rules for the structural design of steel structures that extend and modify the application of EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-1-8 to austenitic, duplex (austenitic-ferritic) and ferritic stainless steels. NOTE 1 Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels are commonly known as duplex stainless steels. The term duplex stainless steel is used in this document. NOTE 2 Information on the durability of stainless steels is given in Annex A. NOTE 3 The execution of stainless steel structures is covered in EN 1090-2 and EN 1090-4. 1.2 Assumptions Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-1-8 apply. The design methods given in prEN 1993-1-4 are applicable if - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 and EN 1090-4, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993 1-5 and EN 1993-1-8, or in the relevant material and product specifications.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-10 (1) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules for the selection of steel grades and qualities related to fracture toughness to avoid brittle fracture. NOTE Steel quality is also known as (Charpy) subgrade. (2) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules to specify through thickness properties for welded elements to reduce the risk of lamellar tearing. (3) EN 1993-1-10 specifies additional toughness requirements for specific cases to ensure upper shelf toughness in relation to design ultimate resistance in tension and seismic design. (4) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules for structural steels as listed in EN 1993-1-1. This document applies to steel grades S235 to S700. (5) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules that apply to the selection of parent material only. (6) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules that apply to steel materials covered by EN 1993-1-1:2022, 5.1(3), provided that each individual piece of steel is tested in accordance with the requirements of EN 1993 1 1:2022, 5.2.1 and EN 1090-2:2018+A1:2024, 5.1. (7) This document does not apply to material salvaged from existing steelwork subjected to fatigue or fire. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and the other relevant parts of EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-10 are applicable if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 or EN 1090-4, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-13 1.1.1 General (1) This document gives supplementary provisions that extend the application of EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-5 to the design of rolled and welded steel sections with various shapes of web openings. The following cases are considered: - rolled or welded beams with single or widely spaced web openings; - rolled or welded beams with closely spaced web openings; - cellular beams with circular openings made by cutting and re-welding two parts of steel sections that may be different in dimensions; - beams with hexagonal and sinusoidal openings made by cutting and re-welding two parts of steel sections that may be different in dimensions. (2) This document applies to uniform members with I or H profiles, which are symmetric about the weak axis. It does not apply to non-prismatic or curved beams although the same principles can apply. (3) This document applies to steel beams with web openings that are subjected to sagging (positive) or to hogging (negative) bending moments. (4) This document covers the verification of the resistance at the openings and their effects on the global behaviour of the beam, including lateral torsional buckling. (5) Alternative methods are presented for beams with circular openings and with sinusoidal openings in which the forces and resistances are calculated by increments around or along the openings and which are suitable for computer methods. (6) This document applies to web slenderness, hw/tw, not exceeding 121e. The local checks at and between adjacent openings apply to web slenderness up to this limit. The material parameter e is defined in EN 1993-1-1:2022, 5.2.5 (2). NOTE The limit of 121e is the limit of a Class 4 web for a steel section with equal flanges. It is used as a convenient limit for the application of this document, including mono-symmetric sections. (7) This document does not cover fatigue. In case of fatigue, EN 1993-1-9 applies. (8) This document does not cover fire design. For the design in case of fire, EN 1993-1-2 applies. (9) This document does not cover the buckling verification of members with web openings under axial force. 1.1.2 Shapes of web openings (1) The different shapes of web openings that are considered in this document are shown in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1 - Different shapes of web openings in steel beams 1.1.3 Stiffened openings (1) This document also covers openings in the web of beams that are reinforced by longitudinal stiffeners and/or transverse stiffeners on one or both sides of the web, see Figure 1.2. NOTE The National Annex can give rules for alternative types of stiffener. Figure 1.2 - Stiffening of openings in beam webs 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, the EN 1991 series and EN 1993-1-1 apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-13 are applicable if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series, or in the relevant material and product specifications.