Metalliteollisuuden Standardisointiyhdistys

 

This document specifies two test methods for the determination of the resistance of the edges of brittle ceramic materials to be damaged by chipping. This document is applicable to homogeneous monolithic ceramics with flat surfaces and straight sharp or chamfered edges.

 

This document specifies guidelines and recommendations to be followed prior to carrying out dimensional measurements on three-dimensional (3D) volumetric X-ray Computed Tomographic (XCT) images of additive manufacturing (AM) series production parts. It is applicable to cone beam XCT systems. However, these guidelines and recommendations can easily be transposed to fan beam XCT systems. The process to be followed prior to performing dimensional measurement on 3D volumetric XCT images of AM series production parts, in this standard, is divided into two steps: Step 1: Quantification of an XCT system performance, in terms of image quality and basic dimensional measurement accuracy, with a reference object and eventually a Representative Quality Indicators (RQI), with the specific part (part chosen from the AM series production parts) XCT setting under certain environmental conditions. This step leads to the determination of the image quality, the voxel size and the basic dimensional measurement accuracy of an XCT system; Step 2: Validation of the XCT system compliance, in terms of dimensional measurement accuracy, with the specific part, with the chosen XCT setting under the specific environmental conditions. This step leads to a simplified determination of the dimensional measurement uncertainty of each measurand of the specific part. If step 1 does not comply with the set requirements, the XCT system cannot be used for step 2. This document does not claim to provide a definitive method to determine XCT dimensional measurement accuracy, which, given the complexity of an XCT process, is not yet established. For the same reason, it is addressed to qualified XCT operators with the support of metrology experts. This document is dedicated to AM series production parts and its aim is to provide a methodology for controlling the geometric specificities associated with AM (internal shapes, lattice structures). It is applicable on parts that are fabricated by any type of AM categories of processes and material provided the X-ray penetration lengths are sufficient to scan the test part. These prior quantification and validation processes, which allow dimensional measurements to be carry out on 3D volumetric XCT images of AM series production parts, are valid for a specific part geometry in a given material associated with a chosen XCT setting (magnification & XCT acquisition and reconstruction parameters of the specific part) under specific environmental conditions for the measurands specified. The quantification and validation processes are reconsidered when different geometry of the part or material or XCT setting or environmental conditions or measurands are taken into account.

 

This document specifies the technical conditions for inspection and delivery of wrought aluminium and wrought aluminium alloy sheet, strip and plate for general applications. It also includes provisions for ordering and testing. It applies to products with a thickness over 0,20 mm up to and including 400 mm. For many special applications of aluminium strip, sheet and plate, specific European Standards exist, where different or additional requirements are formulated and the appropriate alloys and tempers are selected: see Annex A. Most of these special European Standards refer to provisions of this document. The selection of the relevant special European Standards is under the responsibility of the purchaser. Specific European Standards are available for applications involving special properties, such as corrosion resistance, toughness, fatigue strength, surface appearance or welding properties.

 

1.1 Scope of prEN 1993-1-4 This document provides supplementary rules for the structural design of steel structures that extend and modify the application of EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-1-8 to austenitic, duplex (austenitic-ferritic) and ferritic stainless steels. NOTE 1 Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels are commonly known as duplex stainless steels. The term duplex stainless steel is used in this document. NOTE 2 Information on the durability of stainless steels is given in Annex A. NOTE 3 The execution of stainless steel structures is covered in EN 1090-2 and EN 1090-4. 1.2 Assumptions Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-1-8 apply. The design methods given in prEN 1993-1-4 are applicable if - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 and EN 1090-4, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993 1-5 and EN 1993-1-8, or in the relevant material and product specifications.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-10 (1) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules for the selection of steel grades and qualities related to fracture toughness to avoid brittle fracture. NOTE Steel quality is also known as (Charpy) subgrade. (2) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules to specify through thickness properties for welded elements to reduce the risk of lamellar tearing. (3) EN 1993-1-10 specifies additional toughness requirements for specific cases to ensure upper shelf toughness in relation to design ultimate resistance in tension and seismic design. (4) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules for structural steels as listed in EN 1993-1-1. This document applies to steel grades S235 to S700. (5) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules that apply to the selection of parent material only. (6) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules that apply to steel materials covered by EN 1993-1-1:2022, 5.1(3), provided that each individual piece of steel is tested in accordance with the requirements of EN 1993 1 1:2022, 5.2.1 and EN 1090-2:2018+A1:2024, 5.1. (7) This document does not apply to material salvaged from existing steelwork subjected to fatigue or fire. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and the other relevant parts of EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-10 are applicable if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 or EN 1090-4, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-13 1.1.1 General (1) This document gives supplementary provisions that extend the application of EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-5 to the design of rolled and welded steel sections with various shapes of web openings. The following cases are considered: - rolled or welded beams with single or widely spaced web openings; - rolled or welded beams with closely spaced web openings; - cellular beams with circular openings made by cutting and re-welding two parts of steel sections that may be different in dimensions; - beams with hexagonal and sinusoidal openings made by cutting and re-welding two parts of steel sections that may be different in dimensions. (2) This document applies to uniform members with I or H profiles, which are symmetric about the weak axis. It does not apply to non-prismatic or curved beams although the same principles can apply. (3) This document applies to steel beams with web openings that are subjected to sagging (positive) or to hogging (negative) bending moments. (4) This document covers the verification of the resistance at the openings and their effects on the global behaviour of the beam, including lateral torsional buckling. (5) Alternative methods are presented for beams with circular openings and with sinusoidal openings in which the forces and resistances are calculated by increments around or along the openings and which are suitable for computer methods. (6) This document applies to web slenderness, hw/tw, not exceeding 121e. The local checks at and between adjacent openings apply to web slenderness up to this limit. The material parameter e is defined in EN 1993-1-1:2022, 5.2.5 (2). NOTE The limit of 121e is the limit of a Class 4 web for a steel section with equal flanges. It is used as a convenient limit for the application of this document, including mono-symmetric sections. (7) This document does not cover fatigue. In case of fatigue, EN 1993-1-9 applies. (8) This document does not cover fire design. For the design in case of fire, EN 1993-1-2 applies. (9) This document does not cover the buckling verification of members with web openings under axial force. 1.1.2 Shapes of web openings (1) The different shapes of web openings that are considered in this document are shown in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1 - Different shapes of web openings in steel beams 1.1.3 Stiffened openings (1) This document also covers openings in the web of beams that are reinforced by longitudinal stiffeners and/or transverse stiffeners on one or both sides of the web, see Figure 1.2. NOTE The National Annex can give rules for alternative types of stiffener. Figure 1.2 - Stiffening of openings in beam webs 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, the EN 1991 series and EN 1993-1-1 apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-13 are applicable if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series, or in the relevant material and product specifications.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-9 (1) EN 1993-1-9 gives design methods for the verification of the fatigue design situation of steel structures. NOTE Steel structures consist of members and their joints. Each member and joint can be represented as a constructional detail or as several of the latter. (2) Design methods other than the stress-based methods, such as the notch strain method or fracture mechanics methods, are not covered by EN 1993-1-9. (3) EN 1993-1-9 only applies to structures made of all grades of structural steels and products within the scope of EN 1993-1 (all parts), in accordance with the provisions noted in the detail category tables or annexes. (4) EN 1993-1-9 only applies to structures where execution conforms to EN 1090-2. NOTE Supplementary execution requirements are indicated in the detail category tables. (5) EN 1993-1-9 applies to structures operating under normal atmospheric conditions and with sufficient corrosion protection and regular maintenance. The effect of seawater corrosion is not covered. (6) EN 1993-1-9 applies to structures with hot dip galvanizing in accordance with the provisions noted in the detail category tables or annexes. (7) Microstructural damage from high temperature (> 150°C) that occurs during the design service life is not covered. (8) EN 1993-1-9 gives guidance of how to consider post-fabrication treatments that are intended to improve the fatigue resistance of constructional details. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 (all parts) apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-9 are applicable if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts on EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications. (3) The design methods of EN 1993-1-9 are generally derived from fatigue tests on constructional details with large scale specimens that include effects of geometrical and structural imperfections from material production and execution (e.g. the effects of tolerances and residual stresses from welding).

 

This document specifies the test apparatus, test procedures, quality control and test report of swelling pressure test of buffer material for disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The swelling pressure of the buffer material is measured under constant volume conditions, which should be strictly maintained. This document is applicable to the measurement of swelling pressure of buffer material for disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The test should be performed at temperatures ranging from ambient to 95 °C. Higher test temperatures may be applied, provided that they are clearly documented in the test report and that all components of the test apparatus, including seals and sensors, are suitable for operation at the selected temperature. This document can also be applicable to test the swelling pressure of bentonite-based material for disposal of intermediate-level and low-level radioactive waste.

 

This International Standard provides requirements that are intended to minimize risks related to Electrical, Electronic and Electromechanical (EEE) parts used in commercial spacecraft, launch vehicles, and critical Ground Support Equipment (GSE). The family of EEE parts includes electro-optical parts. electrical, electronic and electromechanical (EEE) parts - and enhance safety and reliability.

 

This document specifies methods of measuring the effectiveness of inlet only, outlet only, and inlet/outlet anti-drain valves when fitted to a full-flow lubricating oil filter of the “spin-on” or “easy change” type, for internal combustion engines.

 

This document gives the safety requirements and measures for four-sided moulding machines, capable of continuous production use, with a maximum working width of 350 mm and a maximum speed of the integrated workpiece feed of 200 m/min, hereinafter referred to as “machines”, designed to cut solid wood and materials with similar physical characteristics to wood (see ISO 19085-1:2021, 3.2). It deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events, listed in Annex A, relevant to the machines, when operated, adjusted and maintained as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer; reasonably foreseeable misuse has been considered too. Also, transport, assembly, dismantling, disabling and scrapping phases are taken into account. It is also applicable to machines fitted with one or more of the following devices / additional working units, whose hazards have been dealt with: —    universal spindle; —    glass bead saw unit; —    fixed or movable workpiece support; —    quick tool changing system; —    laser marking unit; —    automatic workpiece returner; —    in-feed hopper; —    loading magazine; —    unloading table. This document does not deal with any hazards related to: a) in-feed devices other than in-feed hopper and loading magazine; NOTE 1      For mechanical in-feed devices which also prevent access to the in-feed opening, see 6.6.4. b) out-feed devices other than unloading table, except for hazards related to ejection from the machine due to climb cutting; c) out-feed of workpieces on machines with feed speed higher than 60 m/min; NOTE 2      Machines with feed speed higher than 60 m/min are usually combined with mechanical unloading and workpiece transfer systems. d) machines being used in combination with any other machine (as part of a line). It is not applicable to machines intended for use in potentially explosive atmosphere and to machines manufactured prior to its publication.

 

This document gives the safety requirements and measures for edge banding machines fed by chains or belts, with manual loading and unloading and maximum workpiece height capacity of 100 mm, capable of continuous production use, hereinafter referred as “machines”. It deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events, listed in Annex A, relevant to the machines, when operated, adjusted and maintained as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer; reasonably foreseeable misuse has been considered too. Also, transport, assembly, dismantling, disabling and scrapping phases are taken into account. The machines are designed to process in one pass one end (single-end machine) or both ends (double-end machine) of panels of: —    materials with similar physical characteristics to wood (see ISO 19085-1:2021, 3.2), even with a core sheet of aluminium light alloy; —    gypsum plaster boards. Edges to be applied by the machine can be made of: —    paper; —    melamine; —    plastic; —    composite materials; —    aluminium; —    light alloy; —    veneer; —    solid wood. It is also applicable to machines fitted with one or more of the following devices/working units, whose hazards have been dealt with: —    hot air banding unit; —    laser banding unit; —    infrared banding unit; —    dynamic processing units; —    sanding belt units; —    milling unit installed out of the integral enclosure at the panel side on single-end machines; —    milling unit installed out of the integral enclosure between machines halves of double-end machines; —    additional fixed or movable workpiece support along the feed; —    additional infeed workpiece support; —    additional outfeed workpiece support; —    in-feed device for transversal loading of panels in single-end machines; —    intermediate workpiece support in double-end machines; —    automatic panel returner in single-end machines; —    automatic tool changing; —    quick tool changing system; —    automatic multiple edges infeed device; —    workpiece heaters. This document does not deal with any hazards relating to: a)   systems for loading and unloading of the workpiece to a single machine other than automatic panel returner and infeed and outfeed workpiece supports (e.g. robots); b)   the combination of a single machine being used with other machines (as part of a line); c)   workpiece dividing unit installed out of the integral enclosure and/or whose tools protrude out of the integral enclosure; d)   plasma banding unit. It is not applicable to machines intended for use in potentially explosive atmosphere nor manufactured before the date of its publication.

 

This document specifies the safety requirements and measures for manually loaded and unloaded vertical panel circular sawing machines (defined in 3.1) capable of continuous production use, with hand feed or integrated feed, hereinafter referred to also as “machines”. This document deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events, as listed in Annex A, relevant to the machines, when operated, adjusted and maintained as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer, including reasonably foreseeable misuse. Transport, assembly, dismantling, disabling and scrapping phases are also taken into account. This document is also applicable to machines fitted with one or more of the following devices/additional working units, whose hazards have been dealt with: —     an integrated feed device; —     a device for scoring; —     an angle cutting device; —     a middle support device; —     programmable end stops for parallel vertical cuts; —     a device for grooving with a milling tool with a cutting width not exceeding 27 mm; —     a panel pusher; —     a panel lowering device; —     stop devices for workpiece during horizontal cuts. The machines are designed for cutting panels consisting of: a)       solid wood; b)       material with similar physical characteristics to wood (see ISO 19085-1:2021, 3.2); c)        composite materials with core consisting, for example, of polyurethane or mineral material laminated with light alloy; d)       polymer-matrix composite materials and reinforced thermoplastic/thermoset/elastomeric materials; e)       gypsum boards, gypsum bounded fibreboards; f)         honeycomb aluminium boards; g)       matrix engineered mineral boards, silicate boards; h)       aluminium light alloy plates; i)         composite boards made from the materials listed above. This document does not apply to machines —     with pressure beam and saw unit mounted behind the workpiece support, —     where the guide rails on which the saw unit moves vertically are fixed on the machine frame and the horizontal cut can only be made by manually feeding the panel, —     designed to cut in vertical direction only, —     automatically performing two or more cutting cycles in sequence, —     intended for use in potentially explosive atmosphere, and —     manufactured prior to the publication of this document.

 

This document specifies the safety requirements and measures for wide belt sanding machines (defined in 3.1) and for surface treating machines (defined in 3.2) capable of continuous production use, altogether referred to as “machines”. This document deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events, as listed in Annex A, relevant to the machines, when operated, adjusted and maintained as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer, including reasonably foreseeable misuse. Transport, assembly, dismantling, disabling and scrapping phases are also taken into account. This document is also applicable to machines fitted with one or more of the following devices/additional working units, whose hazards have been dealt with: —     transversal sanding unit; —     cleaning brushing unit; —     satining roller unit; —     disk brushing unit; —     texturing brushing roller unit; —     texturing brushing belt unit; —     cutterblock unit; —     texturing band saw unit; —     spiked roller unit; —     multi blade unit; —     conveyor directly controlled by the machine; —     additional workpiece vacuum clamping device; —     antistatic bar unit. NOTE 1        An antistatic bar is a device that eliminates electrostatic charges on the workpiece to ease its subsequent cleaning from dust by airflow. This document is also applicable to machines fitted with a laser engraving unit, but the specific hazards of this unit have not been dealt with. The machines are designed to process workpieces with flat surface and even thickness, in shape of panels or beams or frames, consisting of: a)       solid wood; b)       material with similar physical characteristics to wood (see ISO 19085-1:2021, 3.2); c)        gypsum boards, gypsum bounded fibreboards; d)       composite materials with core consisting of, e.g. polyurethane or mineral material; e)       composite boards made from the materials listed above; f)         all materials listed above, already lacquered. This document does not deal with hazards related to: —     specific devices other than those listed above; —     access through in-feed and out-feed openings of machines with a work piece height capacity greater than 700 mm; —     systems for powered loading or unloading, or both, of the workpiece to or from a single machine; NOTE 2        Loading the machine manually includes manually placing the workpiece onto a conveyor directly controlled by the machine. Unloading the machine manually includes manually removing the workpiece from a conveyor directly controlled by the machine. —     out-feed workpieces on machines with feed speed higher than 60 m/min; —     interfacing of the machine with any other machine. This document is not applicable to machines intended for use in a potentially explosive atmosphere and to machines manufactured prior to the date of its publication.

 

 

 

This part of ISO 27327 establishes uniform methods for laboratory testing of air curtain units to determine aerodynamic performance in terms of airflow rate, outlet air velocity uniformity, power consumption and air velocity projection, for rating or guarantee purposes. This part of ISO 27327 is not applicable to the specification of test procedures to be used for design, production or field testing.