Rakennustuoteteollisuus RTT

 

This document specifies a method for the determination of the velocity of propagation of pulses of ultrasonic longitudinal waves in natural stone, both in laboratory and in situ.

 

1.1 Scope of prEN 1991-1-6 (1) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules on the determination of actions relevant for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical structures, for their execution stage. NOTE Actions for design during execution include those that only arise from execution activities and act during execution, termed construction actions (for example personnel and hand tools, auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution), and others that are present during the service life of the completed structure (for example self-weight, wind, etc.) but which can act differently and/or have different values during execution. (2) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules for the determination of actions for the design of auxiliary structures, elements and equipment used during execution in case they are designed to the Eurocodes and not to other European Standards. NOTE Other European Standards (e.g. EN 12810, EN 12811, EN 12812) provide specific rules for certain types of auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution. (3) prEN 1991-1-6 gives rules for buildings and bridges during execution to supplement the provisions in EN 1990. NOTE For combination rules for execution, see EN 1990. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The general assumptions given in EN 1990 apply. (2) The application of this document follows the limit state principle and is based on the partial factor method, unless explicitly prescribed differently. (3) The verification of buildings and civil engineering structures in transient design situations is undertaken in accordance with the Eurocodes, accounting for the interaction with any auxiliary structures, elements and/or equipment. (4) When using European product standards covering auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution, it is assumed that the design basis, design requirements and, if provided, the safety and operational design limits specified in these product standards are taken into account. (5) Adequate planning, documentation, communication, control and supervision are provided during execution, involving all relevant parties. NOTE Execution of a structure can involve interaction between several parties from diverse engineering fields, responsible for the design, fabrication, transportation and execution of different subsystems used during the execution of a structure.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-3 (1) EN 1991-3 defines actions imposed by cranes and other machines including dynamic effects, if relevant, for the structural design of crane or machine supporting structures. (2) EN 1991-3 provides guidance on crane classification in terms of dynamic factors and fatigue actions. (3) EN 1991-3 applies to supporting structures of — bridge cranes, gantry cranes and wall cranes travelling on fixed runways; — fixed machines that cause a harmonic dynamic loading on fixed supporting structures. (4) The principles provided in EN 1991-3 can be applied also to determine actions on supporting structures of cranes other than those referred to in (3). (5) EN 1991-3 does not provide partial factors for actions. NOTE For partial factors for actions, see EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, Clause A.5. (6) EN 1991-3 does not provide actions or provisions for the design of cranes and machines. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The general assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply. (2) The design of structures supporting cranes or machines is undertaken using information on actions provided by the manufacturer of the crane or machine.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1991 1 8 (1) EN 1991 1 8 gives principles and rules to determine the values of wave and current actions on structures and civil engineering works in the coastal zone, i.e. works connected to, or in close vicinity to the shore. NOTE 1 Provisions in EN 1991 1 8 are limited to hydrodynamic actions that can be directly quantified in terms of wave and/or current induced pressures and associated forces and moments on structures or structural parts. NOTE 2 As opposed to offshore conditions, waves or currents in the coastal zone are generally affected by the presence of the seabed or shore. NOTE 3 The coastal zone is typically defined as the area between the shoreline and the deep-water limit. (2) EN 1991 1 8 describes the principles for defining the hydrodynamic conditions to be used for design, including sea water levels. (3) EN 1991 1 8 addresses specifically actions from currents and waves on the following structure types: — cylindrical structures; — subsea pipelines; — suspended decks; — vertical face structures; — permanently moored floating structures. NOTE 1 Additional guidance can be needed for: — moored structures in the coastal zone for renewable energy production or related to oil and gas production or processing; — moored structures spanning areas with variable wave and current states (e.g. floating aquaculture farms or floating bridges). NOTE 2 For hydraulic pressures caused by quasi-static water levels, and ground water, see EN 1997 (all parts). (4) Actions addressed in EN 1991 1 8 do not cover: — hydraulic resonance in sheltered areas or basins (phenomena also known as harbour resonance); — translation waves, e.g. tsunamis; — waves and currents induced by maritime operations, i.e. vessel wake, berthing and mooring; — hydrodynamic actions induced by earthquakes; — ice-induced pressures and forces; — coastal structures where flood risk and/or erosion or sediment management is the dominant function. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions given in EN 1990 apply to this document. (2) In addition, it is assumed that actions from waves and currents on coastal structures are determined by personnel appropriately qualified and experienced in the following fields: a) physical coastal environment including physics of waves and currents, statistical properties and propagation of such; b) marine hydrodynamics, wave and current interaction with structures in general and wave and current actions on structures in the coastal zone including i) fixed structures, and ii) floating structures; c) advanced methods including probabilistic methodology and physical model testing.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1991-4 (1) This document provides rules for calculating actions for the structural design of silos and tanks. NOTE 1 Silos are used for the storage of particulate solids. Tanks are used for the storage of liquids. NOTE 2 For limitations on rules for silos given in this document, see 1.3. NOTE 3 For limitations on rules for tanks given in this document, see 1.4. (2) This document includes some provisions for actions on silo and tank structures that are not only associated with the stored particulate solids or liquids (e.g. the effects of thermal differentials) but substantially affected by them. NOTE Liquid loads on tanks are very precisely defined. Many loads on silos are not known with great precision. This document provides guidance for many practical situations for which very limited certain knowledge is available, and the information is derived from the limited experimental and analytical information available, coupled with conclusions drawn from failure investigations. The information is not based on a sound statistical treatment of experimental data. (3) This document is intended for use with concrete, steel, aluminium, timber and FRP storage structures. NOTE FRP is the standard acronym for fibre reinforced polymer materials. (4) This document is also applicable for the structural assessment of existing silos and tanks, unless otherwise specified by the relevant authority or, if not specified, agreed between the relevant parties for the specific project. NOTE 1 Changes in filling or discharge arrangements, changes in the wall friction of inner surfaces, or in the use of the silo, including storage of different particulate solids, can be reasons for assessing existing silos. NOTE 2 Differentiation of the liquid stored can be a reason for assessing existing tanks. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply. (2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990 1, with the other parts of EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1995, EN 1997, EN 1998 and EN 1999 where relevant to the design of silos and tanks. 1.3 Limitations on silos 1.3.1 Geometrical limitations (1) The following geometrical limitations apply to the design rules for silos and silo batteries (see 3.2.59 and 3.2.60) covered by this document: - the silo planform cross-section shapes are limited to those shown in Figure 1.1c. NOTE 1 Further information concerning planform cross-section geometries is given in Clause 7. NOTE 2 For the determination of the effective diameter dc of the silo see Figure 1.1c; - the following dimensional limitations on the aspect ratio for free-standing single cell silos hc/dc, the overall height hb and the effective diameter dc apply (see Figure 1.1): hc/dc < 10 (1.1) hb < 100 m (1.2) dc < 60 m (1.3) NOTE 3 See Figure 1.1 for hc, dc and hb. - the structural transition lies in a single horizontal plane (see Figure 1.1a). [Figure 1.1 - Silo forms showing dimensions and pressure notation] (2) Only hoppers that are conical (i.e. axisymmetric), rectangular pyramidal with a/b = 1,5, wedge-shaped (i.e. with two vertical end walls on opposite sides) or oblique are covered by this document. Other hopper shapes and hoppers with internal structures require special considerations. (3) Silos with an oblique conical hopper used to achieve an eccentric outlet are covered by this document. (4) Silos with an oblique hopper are covered, but generally silos with a systematically non-symmetric geometry are not specifically covered by this document. These situations include a chisel hopper (i.e. a wedge hopper beneath a circular cylinder) and hoppers with an elongated outlet other than wedge shaped. 1.3.2 Limitations on the stored particulate solids (1) The following limitations on the stored particulate solids apply to the design rules for silos contained in this document: ...

 

This document presents a brief summary of the fundamental requirements and methods for data collection concerning large-scale outdoor fires at the levels of national policy, administrative regulations, and technical standards, covering Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) fires, urban fires (including post-earthquake urban fires), and fires in informal settlements. Standards and studies around the world are to be consolidated into a standardized approach and an international ISO standard. This document establishes the standardized methodology for post-fire data collection to evaluate fire spread path, damage extent, and damage mechanisms following a large outdoor fire event. These also include data collection on human losses and property loss values. The standard does not address large-scale industrial fires. Applicable fire types include: a) Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) fires b) Urban fires, including post-earthquake urban fires c) Informal settlement fires d) Other large outdoor fires This document defines the subject of data collection, essential data elements, collection procedures, and quality control. It does not prescribe methods for fire prevention, suppression operations, or recovery procedures themselves.

 

The scope of this project is to provide guidelines for information exchange between BIM and GIS. As part of a series of proposed international standards for BIM-GIS information exchange, Part 01: core principles and specifications will provide guidance on how to use existing standards adequately so that each domain can provide and request information properly. This work needs to be sufficiently broad by integrating ISO Standards and the latest developments from OGC and buildingSMART. The work will also cover the core principles of working with BIM and GIS, namely ensuring the Georeferencing of BIM models.

 

The scope of this project is to provide guidelines for information exchange between BIM and GIS. As part of a series of proposed international standards for BIM-GIS information exchange, Part 02: Facilitating data exchange through metadata will aim to solve metadata issues to support bidirectional GIS/BIM information exchange and suggest technical requirements based on use case scenarios. Metadata give great opportunities to find, evaluate and manage relevant information for the bidirectional information exchange. To ensure the interoperability between GIS and BIM information models, it is critical for one domain experts to understand the metadata generated from the other domain and vice versa. The work will review existing methodologies and research with regard to bidirectional GIS/BIM information exchange, especially in terms of metadata and item registration. It will provide a use case scenario to give a certain context of bidirectional exchange of metadata. The use case will also provide the context within which the interaction that needs to be taken place between GIS and BIM model experts. With the use of the use case scenario, the process of properly generating metadata for each domain to ensure the bidirectional exchange can be identified. It will then list the technical requirements to support the process and provide a guideline to follow.

 

The general scope of the core product category rules (PCR) is given in EN 15804:2012+A2:2019, Clause 1. This PCR is primarily intended for the creation of cradle-to-gate EPDs or the declaration of performance in relation to the environmental sustainability of cement, building lime and other hydraulic binders. In particular, “cement” refers to — common cements according to EN 197 1 [1], — very low heat special cements according to EN 14216 [6], — calcium aluminate cement according to EN 14647 [7], — supersulfated cement according to EN 15743 [9]; “building lime” refers to — building lime according to EN 459 1 [3]; “other hydraulic binders” refers to — masonry cement according to EN 413 1 [2], — hydraulic road binders according to EN 13282 [5], — hydraulic binder for non-structural applications according to EN 15368 [8]. In other respects, the scope is as in EN 15804:2012+A2:2019.

 

This document establishes the core principles and specifications for enabling structured and semantically consistent information exchange between BIM and GIS. It provides a comprehensive framework for understanding, planning, and implementing information exchanges that span both the BIM domain and the GIS domain. This document provides a conceptual framework, built around eight perspectives on BIM-GIS information exchange: life cycle, process, product, data, exchange, actor, geospatial, and standards perspectives, how they shape, dictate, or constrain the structuring and execution of information exchanges, and the relationships between them and their application to specific use cases. It also addresses the following key elements: Requirements definition and hierarchy for BIM-GIS information exchanges Services enabling exchange and integration, transformation, query and analysis, and visualization and communication Functions supporting spatial registration and georeferencing, data harmonization, linking, analytical operations, and workflow management Resources including data and information types, formats, and their characteristics Repositories for centralized data management, translation and integration, and specialized storage It provides guidance on: Use case definition, services, and functions specification Application schema considerations addressing fundamental differences between BIM and GIS data structures Data resources management including objects, entities, and features Position and location management including georeferencing levels, metadata requirements, and implementation tasks Coordinate reference system selection and transformation parameters Georeferencing, including levels of georeferencing, metadata requirements and georeferencing tasks

 

This document provides guidelines for the data exchange between BIM and GIS through metadata. This document explains the role that metadata plays in facilitating data exchange within the framework of the standards referenced in ISO/DIS 23143-1, Clause 6.3 (Metadata resources). This document offers a perspective on leveraging metadata to ensure interoperability between BIM and GIS. It builds on the core principles established in ISO/DIS 23143-1 by presenting how metadata supports communication between the two domains, thereby facilitating seamless data exchange This document defines a framework for facilitating data exchange between Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) through metadata-driven interoperability. It specifies methods for identifying and cross-mapping metadata elements in the GIS Metadata Schema (ISO 19115-1:2014 [2]), and for deriving BIM-side metadata from IDM Data Schema (ISO 29481-3:2022 [1]) to support semantic alignment and structured transformation between the two domains. ISO 29481-3:2022 [1] is used as a source to derive BIM-side metadata candidates for cross-mapping and is not treated as a metadata schema. The scope of this part includes: 1) Establishing metadata-based cross-mapping rules to support the semantic translation of information between BIM and GIS, including the use of BIM-side metadata candidates (derived from ISO 29481-3:2022 [1]) and GIS metadata elements (ISO 19115-1:2014 [2]); 2) Supporting bidirectional information requests and responses, where each domain (BIM or GIS) can serve as either information provider or consumer.

 

This part of EN 196 describes the method for the determination of the compressive and, optionally, the flexural strength of cement mortar. The method applies to common cements and to other cements and materials, the standards for which call up this method. It may not apply to other cement types that have, for example, a very short initial setting time. The method is used for assessing whether the compressive strength of cement is in conformity with its specification and for validation testing of a CEN Standard sand, EN 196 1, or alternative compaction equipment. This part of EN 196 describes the reference equipment and procedure and allows alternative compaction equipment and procedures to be used provided that they have been validated in accordance with the appropriate provisions in this document. In the event of a dispute, only the reference equipment and procedure are used.

 

This document gives guidance on methods for determining and classifying the durability of wood and wood-based materials against biological wood-destroying agents. The methods can be applied to individual wood species and processed wood-based materials, including thermally and chemically modified, and water-repellent impregnated wood. Examples of wood-based materials are oriented strand boards (OSB), particle boards, fibre boards, laminated veneer lumber (LVL), and plywood. However, this document is not intended to give guidance on methods for determining and classifying the durability of wood products, coated wood, and wood polymer composites. Preservative-treated wood is not within the scope of this document, since requirements for the effectiveness of wood preservatives and durability requirements of wood treated with preservatives are regulated in several other European standards. However, this does not apply to modified wood, which is why it is included in the scope of this document. The wood-destroying agents considered in this document are: — wood-decay fungi (basidiomycete and soft-rot fungi); — beetles capable of attacking dry wood; — termites; — marine organisms capable of attacking wood in service. Data on the biological durability of the heartwood of selected wood species considered of economic importance in European countries are presented in Annex A (informative), which also provides information relating to their geographical origin, density, sapwood width and treatability. NOTE Treatability, durability to disfiguring fungi, permeability to water and performance in use of wood and wood-based materials are also important issues. However, because standardized methods aiming to assess and classify these factors do not exist and/or have not been extensively experienced yet, preliminary guidance is given in Annex B (informative) for the classification of wood treatability with aqueous wood preservatives, Annex C (informative) for the classification of the permeability to water, and Annex D (informative) for the durability to disfiguring fungi.

 

This document specifies the apparatus and procedure for determining the effective alkali content of cements and other hydraulic binders. The method determines the effective alkali content after 28 days of hydration by extracting pore water from cement stone and determining the concentration of sodium and potassium (method A) or hydroxyl ions in the solution (method B).

 

This document specifies the equipment to be used, the procedures to be applied and the requirements for sampling common cement and/or its constituent materials, representative of defined lots, for testing purposes. The same equipment and procedures can be used for other types of cement or materials; in some cases, modifications to the procedure are also permitted, provided that this document and/or the modifications are referenced in the relevant product standards. The provisions of this document are only applicable when samples of constituent of common cement are: a) required for evaluating the conformity of common cement or constituent of cement at the characteristics related to common cement, to cement constituents, to the release of dangerous substances to soil and ground water of common cement, and to environmental sustainability of common cement; or b) requested for checking a delivery or a lot with a standard, the provisions of a contract or the specification in an order. This document is applicable to the sampling of powders or bulk materials, whether they are: c) contained in silos; d) contained in bags, canisters, drums or any other packages; e) transported in bulk in road vehicles, railway wagons, ships, etc. NOTE The requirements of this document can also, by agreement between the parties, be followed for acceptance inspections for all non-standardized hydraulic binders.

 

This document describes the analytical procedures used to determine the content of tricalcium silicate (C3S), dicalcium silicate (C2S), tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) of cement starting from a chemical analysis on cement. The method can be applied on all common cements as defined on EN 197-1. This document also describes the calculation procedures for determining of tricalcium silicate (C3S), dicalcium silicate (C2S), aluminate (C3A) and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF) in the Portland cement clinker as defined in the EN 197-1. In both cases, for cement and clinker, the calculation method is based on the Bogue method assuming each phase has a pure composition. This is a conventional method, whereby the actual mineralogical composition can differ from the results obtained using this method. For the determination of the various chemical species of clinker, cement and basic-complexing residue (BCR) described in this document, the method is indicated in the relevant clause.

 

This document describes a method for the determination of whiteness and the colour of common cements and clinkers. This method can be used to determine the whiteness of white cements defined in the EN 197-1. This document does not apply to colour measurements on cement-based formulated products or cement-based products. The method is based on the measurement of the CIE XYZ trichromatic coordinates and describes the mathematical procedure for converting these coordinates into the CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) colour space. NOTE Although the possible values of the L* parameter range from 0 to 100, this document applies to the range between 70 and 100 (photopic vision).

 

This document describes the method for determining the contribution of cement’s alkali to the alkali-silica reaction process that can occur in concrete or mortar containing aggregates potentially susceptible to alkali attack. The principle is to consider the alkalis from the insoluble part of the cement (generally associated with fly ash, for example, or pozzolans) and the alkali from the diluted part of the cement (generally associated with clinker, gypsum, granulated blast furnace slag, or limestone) [1]. This test method can be used in the framework of preventing the risk of alkali silica reaction [2].

 

This document describes two equivalent test methods for determining the glass content in Granulated blast furnace Slag (GBS) as constituent for common cement as defined on EN 197-1. Method A - Method of determining the glass content of GBS by X-ray diffraction. Method B - Method of determining the glass content of GBS by polarized optical microscopy. The glass content (or glassy/amorphous phase) in GBS is the fraction of the material that lacks a crystalline structure, having solidified rapidly from the melt in the form of amorphous glass. It is usually expressed as a percentage (wt%) of the total slag. In the absence of a product standard or a specification in the product standard, the constituent is tested at the fineness of the intended use. Furthermore, these test methods are used in manufacturing control of cement constituents for assessing their conformity to the limit indicated in EN 197-1.

 

This document describes a test method applicable to cast test specimens for evaluating the Sulfate Resistance (SR characteristic) of cements. Sulfate resistance means that these binders can be used in concrete bodies submitted to sulfate attacks. In these methods, the test is carried out under controlled exposure conditions using a defined concentration of sulfate solution. The chosen test conditions are intended to accelerate external sulfate attack. This test method is appropriate in particular for CEM III/A cements and other various binders, in particular those with pozzolanic main constituents. It is adapted from the CUR - NL - Civieltechnisch Centrum Uitvoering Research en Regelgeving (Centre for Civil Engineering Research and Codes) - Recommendation 48 - Suitability test for new cements for application in concrete. This test method is listed in European Assessment Document - EAD 150004-00-0301, Annex B.