Suomen ympäristökeskus

 

This document provides requirements and guidance on key aspects of remediation techniques. It describes the principles, main characteristics, advantages and limitations to be considered in the selection within an option appraisal of individual or combinations of in situ and on-site remediation techniques, including: This document is applicable to the remediation of contaminated sites, i.e. where soil, or soil gas, ambient air or groundwater are contaminated. It identifies which phase/matrix can be targeted by a technique, e.g. fluid (groundwater, gas, non-aqueous phase liquid) or solid, and which contaminant it can applied to. This document also provides information on hazards that can be associated with the implementation of remediation. This document does not provide:

 

This document provides an overview of principles and characteristics on most commonly used remediation techniques. In particular, it provides: — standard terminology, principles, scope, and key aspects on design/dimensioning and monitoring for each remediation technique, but also an overview of the known advantages/limitations of each technique; — informative advice on the remediation option appraisal stage, i.e. how to assess and choose the most relevant single or combined remediation technique taking into account the type of pollutant as well as the local legal, policy, socio-economic and environmental context. The scope of this document is restricted to the remediation of contaminated land — that is demonstrably breaking the source-pathway-receptor linkages — in a manner that has been shown to be sustainable on a site-specific basis in a specific legal context.

 

ISO 13165-3:2016 specifies the determination of radium-226 (226Ra) activity concentration in all types of water by coprecipitation followed by gamma-spectrometry (see ISO 18589-3). The method described is suitable for determination of soluble 226Ra activity concentrations greater than 0,02 Bq l-1 using a sample volume of 1 l to 100 l of any water type. For water samples smaller than a volume of 1 l, direct gamma-spectrometry can be performed following ISO 10703 with a higher detection limit. NOTE This test method also allows other isotopes of radium, 223Ra, 224Ra, and 228Ra, to be determined.

 

This document specifies a method for the photometric determination of dissolved chromium(VI) using manual, e.g., hand photometry, or automated static, e.g., discrete analyser system, or automated dynamic techniques, e.g., flow injection analysis (FIA), continuous flow analysis (CFA), or ion chromatography with post-column derivatization (IC-PCR). The choice of the analytical technique to be used and needs-based sample preparation (e.g., matrix elimination) enables the determination of chromium(VI) in concentrations =0,02 µg/l in raw water, drinking water, surface water, aqueous eluates, cooling water and treated wastewater, provided that the Matrix does not contain any reducing substances. Typical areas of application for the static techniques as well as FIA and CFA are samples with chromium(VI) concentrations =2 µg/l. When using cuvettes with large optical path lengths, e.g. >100 mm, the range of application can be extended to concentrations <2 µg/l chromium(VI) (Annex A; Annex B; Annex C, Clauses C.1 and C.2). When using coupled techniques (e.g. IC-PCR), chromium(VI) concentrations =0,02 µg/l can be determined (Annex C, Clause C.3). In some waters with reducing ingredients, chromium(VI) losses can occur just a few hours after sampling. Therefore, the method was not validated for leachate from landfills and raw sewage.

 

This document considers atmospheric precipitation and defines the procedures and equipment to perform laboratory and field tests, in steady-state conditions, for the calibration, check and metrological confirmation of non-catching precipitation measurement instruments. It provides a classification of non-catching measurement instruments based on their laboratory performance. The classification does not relate to the physical principle used for the measurement, nor does it refer to the technical characteristics of the instrument assembly but is solely based on the instrument calibration. Attribution of a given class to an instrument is not intended as a high/low ranking of its quality but rather as a quantitative standardized method to declare the achievable measurement accuracy to provide guidance on the suitability for a particular purpose, while meeting the user’s requirements.

 

This document specifies a method for the photometric determination of dissolved chromium(VI) using manual, e.g., hand photometry, or automated static, e.g., discrete analyser system, or automated dynamic techniques, e.g., flow injection analysis (FIA), continuous flow analysis (CFA), or ion chromatography with post-column derivatization (IC-PCR). Typical areas of application for the static techniques as well as FIA and CFA are samples with Cr(VI) concentrations 2 ?g/l in raw water, drinking water, surface water, aqueous eluates, cooling water and treated wastewater, provided that the Matrix does not contain any reducing substances. When using cuvettes with large optical path lengths, e.g. >100 mm, the range of application can be extended to concentrations 2 ?g/l Cr(VI). When using coupled techniques (e.g. IC-PCR), Cr(VI) concentrations 0,02 ?g/l can be determined. The NP is based on DIN 38405-52:2020-11.

 

 

This document sets out key principles for the investigation of microplastics using thermo-analytical methods in water with low content of natural suspended solids. This document gives requirements for the standardisation of methods towards harmonized procedures for determination of microplastics contents.

 

 

This document provides key principles for the analysis of microplastics in drinking water and water with low content of natural suspended solids using thermo-analytical methods. This document is applicable for the determination of types of polymers and mass of microplastics in the sample. This document is not applicable for the determination of particle size, particle shape and particle numbers. This document is applicable for the detection of microplastics in drinking water and waters with low content of natural total suspended solids (TSS)1 1 ISO 6107 (1-100 mg/l) or lower if they interfere with determination; in future a reference to ISO 5667-27 is desirable, which is still under development.. This standard describes the detection of different sort of polymers, which are the main ones (most used in industry and most abundant in the environment) being: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polystyrene (PS). These types of polymers can be analysed by all thermo-analytical methods. Depending on the used thermo-analytic methods, additional further polymer can be detected, such as polyvinylchloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) polyamides (PA), polyurethanes (PU) and as well as signals from PS-co-polymers2 2 Signals from PS-co-polymers can be derivate from tire wear and can be detect with the methods as well, but elastomers are outside the scope of this document..

 

This document specifies a method for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total bound nitrogen (TNb) and dissolved bound nitrogen (DNb) in the form of free ammonia, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and organic compounds capable of conversion to nitrogen oxides under the conditions described. The procedure is carried out instrumentally. NOTE Generally the method can be applied for the determination of total carbon (TC) and total inorganic carbon (TIC), see Annex A. The method is applicable to water samples (e.g. drinking water, raw water, ground water, surface water, sea water, waste water, leachates). The method allows a determination of TOC and DOC = 1 mg/l and TNb and DNb = 1 mg/l. The upper working range is restricted by instrument-dependent conditions (e.g. injection volume). Higher concentrations can be determined after appropriate dilution of the sample. For samples containing volatile organic compounds (e.g. industrial waste water), the difference method is used, see Annex A. Cyanide, cyanate and particles of elemental carbon (soot), when present in the sample, can be determined together with the organic carbon. The method is not appropriate for the determination of volatile, or purgeable, organic carbon under the conditions described by this method. Dissolved nitrogen gas (N2) is not determined.

 

This document specifies a method to determine the total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total bound nitrogen (TNb) and dissolved bound nitrogen (DNb) in the form of free ammonia, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and organic compounds capable of conversion to nitrogen oxides. Cyanide, cyanate and particles of elemental carbon (soot), when present in the sample, can be determined together with the organic carbon. Dissolved nitrogen gas (N2) is not determined. The method is applicable to water samples (e.g. drinking water, raw water, ground water, surface water, sea water, waste water, leachates). This document is applicable to determination of TOC and DOC = 1 mg/l and TNb and DNb = 1 mg/l. The upper working range is restricted by instrument-dependent conditions (e.g. injection volume). Higher concentrations can be determined after appropriate dilution of the sample. The determination of concentrations <1 mg/l is dependent on instrument conditions applying appropriate calibration. For samples containing volatile organic compounds (e.g. industrial waste water), the application of the difference method can be considered, see Annex A. The procedure is carried out by automated analysis.

 

This document specifies approaches for the estimation of measurement uncertainty of chemical and physicochemical methods in single laboratories based on validation data and quality control results obtained within the field of water analysis. In this document, the quantification of measurement uncertainty relies on performance characteristics of a measurement procedure obtained from validation and the results of internal and external quality control.

 

This dcoument specifies a method for the determination of fluoro-, chloro-, bromo- and iodo-organic compounds (AOF, AOCl, AOBr, AOI). Due to the high solubility of AgF in water the scope of ISO 9562 is restricted to Cl-, Br- and I-organic compounds (AOX, calculated as chlorine) because of the applied argentometric detection. The PN follows the proven AOX ISO 9562 method: adsorption of organohalogen compounds on activated carbon, oxidative combustion at 1000 °C with following alterations: constant water feed during combustion (hydropyrolysis), absorption of combustion gases in water, halide specific detection using ionchromatography. The method is applicable for the determination of 2 µg/l AOF, expressed as F 10 µg/l AOCl, expressed as Cl 1 µg/l AOBr, expressed as Br 1 µg/l AOI, expressed as I. Samples for determination of AOF are treated differently than samples for the determination of AOCl, AOBr and AOI. - Samples for determination of AOF are not acidified. The adsorption takes place under unchanged pH conditions. Washing is also performed with a neutral washing solution. - Samples for the determination of AOCl, AOBr and AOI are adjusted to a pH value 2 with nitric acid, the adsorption and washing take place in a nitric acid environment.

 

This document specifies a method for the determination of organically bound halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine which are adsorbable on activated carbon. Adsorption takes place on activated carbon packed in columns. The method is applicable for the determination of: The method is applicable for the determination of adsorbable organically bound fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine in water, e.g. in groundwater, surface water, bank filtrate, drinking water, aqueous eluates, cooling water and wastewater. The working range is limited by the capacity of the activated carbon, the process blank and the capacity of the chromatographic separation column. Sample dilution into the working range can be required. The method can also be applied for samples containing suspended matter. Halogens adsorbed on the suspended solids (e.g. undissolved halides) are determined, too. Filtration of the sample prior to analyses using a membrane filter (0,45 µm) allows the separate determination of dissolved adsorbable and particulate bound fractions of organically bound fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Procedures for each separate parameter are described in normative Annex A, Annex B, Annex C and Annex D. Alternatively, the adsorption of the organic substances contained in the water sample on activated carbon can also be carried out by the shaking method (see Annex E). Samples with a high content of inorganic halides can be analysed using the solid phase extraction (SPE) method (see Annex F). Results for samples analysed according to Annex E (shaking procedure) or Annex F (SPE procedure) can differ significantly from those of the method specified in the main part. With some waters, interference can occur that cannot be eliminated. These waters cannot be measured with the method. The AOCl, AOBr and AOI results according to Annex B, Annex C and Annex D can also be reported as CIC-AOX(Cl) (Annex J).

 

The standard will characterize and outline the range of public perceptions and reactions to the beneficial uses of treated sewage sludge (biosolids) and provides descriptions of and steps in risk communication methods intended obtain the recognition and support of interested parties for such beneficial uses. Although primarily intended for land applications of biosolids, the standard may be used for risk communication related to other beneficial uses of biosolids or of similar material.

 

This document specifies a method for the determination of the following elements in aqua regia, nitric acid or mixture of hydrochloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3) and tetrafluoroboric (HBF4)/hydrofluoric (HF) acid digests of soil, treated biowaste, waste, sludge and sediment: Aluminium (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), bismuth (Bi), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), cerium (Ce), caesium (Cs), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), holmium (Ho), indium (In), iridium (Ir), iron (Fe), lanthanum (La), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), lutetium (Lu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), neodymium (Nd), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), phosphorus (P), platinum (Pt), potassium (K), praseodymium (Pr), rhenium (Re), rhodium (Rh), rubidium (Rb), ruthenium (Ru), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), sodium (Na), strontium (Sr), sulfur (S), tellurium (Te), terbium (Tb), thallium (Tl), thorium (Th), thulium (Tm), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr). The working range depends on the matrix and the interferences encountered. The method detection limit of the method is between 0,1 mg/kg dry matter and 2,0 mg/kg dry matter for most elements. The limit of detection will be higher in cases where the determination is likely to be interfered (see Clause 4) or in case of memory effects (see e.g. EN ISO 17294-1). The method has been validated for the elements given in Table A.1 (sludge), Table A.2 (compost) and Table A.3 (soil). The method is applicable for the other elements listed above, provided the user has verified the applicability. This method is also applicable for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in aqua regia and nitric acid digests and in eluates of construction products (EN 17200)[2].

 

This document specifies a method for the determination of the following elements in aqua regia, nitric acid or mixture of hydrochloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3) and tetrafluoroboric (HBF4)/hydrofluoric (HF) acid digests of soil, treated biowaste, waste, sludge and sediment using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): Aluminium (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), bismuth (Bi), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), cerium (Ce), cesium (Cs), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), holmium (Ho), indium (In), iridium (Ir), iron (Fe), lanthanum (La), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), lutetium (Lu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), neodymium (Nd), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), phosphorus (P), platinum (Pt), potassium (K), praseodymium (Pr), rhenium (Re), rhodium (Rh), rubidium (Rb), ruthenium (Ru), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), sodium (Na), strontium (Sr), sulfur (S), tellurium (Te), terbium (Tb), thallium (Tl), thorium (Th), thulium (Tm), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr). The working range depends on the matrix and the interferences encountered. The method detection limit of the method is between 0,1 mg/kg dry matter and 2,0 mg/kg dry matter for most elements. The limit of detection will be higher in cases where the determination is likely to be interfered or in case of memory effects

 

This document is concerned with the assessment of fish survival in pumping stations and hydropower plants, defined as the fraction of fish that passes an installation without significant injury. It does not concern indirect consequences of such installations, usually included in the notions ‘fish safety’ or ‘fish-friendliness’, like avoidance of fish affecting migration, behavioural changes, injury during attempted upstream passage, temporary stunning of fish resulting in potential predation, or depleted oxygen levels. This document applies to pumps and turbines in pumping stations and hydropower plants that operate in or between bodies of surface water, in rivers, in streams or estuaries containing resident and/or migratory fish stocks. Installations include centrifugal pumps (radial type, mixed-flow type, axial type), Archimedes screws, and water turbines (Francis type, Kaplan type, Bulb type, Straflo type, etc.). The following methods to assess fish survival are described: — Survival tests involving the paired release of live fish, introduced in batches of test and control fish upstream and downstream of an installation, and the subsequent recapture in full-flow collection nets. The method is applicable to survival tests in the field and in a laboratory environment. (Clause 6); — A validated model-based computational method consisting of a blade encounter model and correlations that quantify the biological response to blade strike (Clause 7). The computational method can be used to scale results from laboratory fish survival tests to full-scale installations operating under different conditions (Clause 8). The survival tests and computational method can also be applied to open-water turbines, with the caveats mentioned in Annex C. The results of a survival test or a computed estimation can be compared with a presumed maximum sustainable mortality rate for a given fish population at the site of a pumping station or hydropower plant. However, this document does not define these maximum rates allowing to label a machine as “fish-friendly”, nor does it describe a method for determining such a maximum. This document offers an integrated method to assess fish survival in pumping stations and hydropower plants by fish survival tests and model-based calculations. It allows (non-)government environmental agencies to evaluate the impact on resident and migratory fish stocks in a uniform manner. Thus the document will help to support the preservation of fish populations and reverse the trend of declining migratory fish stocks. Pump and turbine manufacturers will benefit from the document as it sets uniform and clear criteria for fish survival assessment. Further, the physical model that underlies the computational method in the document, may serve as a tool for new product development. To academia and research institutions, this document represents the baseline of shared understanding. It will serve as an incentive for further research in an effort to fill the omissions and to improve on existing assessment methods.

 

This Document specifies a method for the determination of the gross calorific value of sludge at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid. The result obtained is the gross calorific value of the sample at constant volume with both the water of the combustion products and the moisture of the sludge as liquid water. In practice, sludge are burned at constant (atmospheric) pressure and the water is not condensed but is removed as vapour with the flue gases. Under these conditions, the operative heat of combustion to be used is the net calorific value of the fuel at constant pressure. In this document the net calorific value at constant volume is described as it requires less additional determinations. This method is applicable to all kinds of sludge.