Suomen ympäristökeskus

 

This document establishes requirements and recommendations for the operation of the anaerobic digestion of sludge in order to support safe and sufficient operation of anaerobic digestion facilities to produce to produce sufficient biogas and control by-products qualities. In particular, conditions to optimize mixing within the reactor and appropriate control systems management for safe and reliable operation are described in this document. Performance of the processes in terms of biogas and digestate production are presented depending on type of technologies available on the market. Blending sludge with waste (co-substrate) and mixing the sludge with organic wastes to increase digester loading are also considered. This document is applicable to decision-makers and operators in charge of an anaerobic digestion system.

 

This document specifies the determination of Cr(VI) in solid waste material and soil by alkaline digestion and ion chromatography with spectrophotometric detection. This method is applicable to determine Cr(VI) mass fractions in solids more than 0,1 mg/kg.

 

This document specifies the determination of Cr(VI) in solid waste material and soil by alkaline digestion and ion chromatography with spectrophotometric detection. This method can be used to determine Cr(VI)-mass fractions in solids higher than 0,1 mg/kg. NOTE       In case of reducing or oxidising waste matrix no valid Cr(VI) content can be reported.

 

This document specifies a method for the photometric determination of dissolved chromium(VI) using manual, e.g., hand photometry, or automated static, e.g., discrete analyser system, or automated dynamic techniques, e.g., flow injection analysis (FIA), continuous flow analysis (CFA), or ion chromatography with post-column derivatization (IC-PCR). Typical areas of application for the static techniques as well as FIA and CFA are samples with Cr(VI) concentrations 2 ?g/l in raw water, drinking water, surface water, aqueous eluates, cooling water and treated wastewater, provided that the Matrix does not contain any reducing substances. When using cuvettes with large optical path lengths, e.g. >100 mm, the range of application can be extended to concentrations 2 ?g/l Cr(VI). When using coupled techniques (e.g. IC-PCR), Cr(VI) concentrations 0,02 ?g/l can be determined. The NP is based on DIN 38405-52:2020-11.

 

This document specifies a method for the photometric determination of dissolved chromium(VI) using manual, (e.g. hand photometry), automated static (e.g. discrete analyser system) or automated dynamic [e.g. flow injection analysis (FIA), continuous flow analysis (CFA)] or ion chromatography with post-column derivatization (IC-PCR)] techniques. The method described in this document is applicable for other matrices, such as leachates from landfills and raw wastewater, after appropriate method validation.

 

This document specifies a method for the determination of the following elements in aqua regia, nitric acid or mixture of hydrochloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3) and tetrafluoroboric (HBF4)/hydrofluoric (HF) acid digests of soil, treated biowaste, waste, sludge and sediment: aluminium (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), bismuth (Bi), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), cerium (Ce), caesium (Cs), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), holmium (Ho), indium (In), iridium (Ir), iron (Fe), lanthanum (La), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), lutetium (Lu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), neodymium (Nd), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), phosphorus (P), platinum (Pt), potassium (K), praseodymium (Pr), rhenium (Re), rhodium (Rh), rubidium (Rb), ruthenium (Ru), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), sodium (Na), strontium (Sr), sulfur (S), tellurium (Te), terbium (Tb), thallium (Tl), thorium (Th), thulium (Tm), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr). This method is also applicable for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in aqua regia and nitric acid digests and in eluates of construction products (EN 17200[7]).

 

This document specifies a method for the determination of the following elements in aqua regia, nitric acid or mixture of hydrochloric (HCl), nitric (HNO3) and tetrafluoroboric (HBF4)/hydrofluoric (HF) acid digests of soil, treated biowaste, waste, sludge and sediment using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): Aluminium (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), bismuth (Bi), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), cerium (Ce), cesium (Cs), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), holmium (Ho), indium (In), iridium (Ir), iron (Fe), lanthanum (La), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), lutetium (Lu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), neodymium (Nd), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), phosphorus (P), platinum (Pt), potassium (K), praseodymium (Pr), rhenium (Re), rhodium (Rh), rubidium (Rb), ruthenium (Ru), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), sodium (Na), strontium (Sr), sulfur (S), tellurium (Te), terbium (Tb), thallium (Tl), thorium (Th), thulium (Tm), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr). The working range depends on the matrix and the interferences encountered. The method detection limit of the method is between 0,1 mg/kg dry matter and 2,0 mg/kg dry matter for most elements. The limit of detection will be higher in cases where the determination is likely to be interfered or in case of memory effects

 

This document specifies a method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of microparticles of plastic or elastomeric materials in water using a microscopy technique coupled with vibrational spectroscopy. The aim is to generate reliable and comparable data on the potential presence of microplastics in clean waters with micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (µFTIR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. For simplification, the addressed materials will be named "microplastics" in the document. The method allows: • Determination of the size distribution of microplastics (1 µm to 5 000 µm); • Identification of the composition of microplastics by characterizing, the type of polymer (PE, PP, PET, PTFE, PS, PVC, PC, PMMA, elastomers … The method is applicable to: • Ultrapure water in accordance with ISO 3696; • Water intended for human consumption (drinking water); • Bottled water; • Untreated groundwater.

 

This document establishes key principles for the investigation of microplastics in drinking water and water with low content of natural suspended solids using a microscopy technique coupled with vibrational spectroscopy. This method is applicable to: This method is applicable to water with a low content of organic matter and other suspended matter as defined in ISO 6107 (1 mg/l to 100 mg/l or lower when interfering with the determination), i.e., Given the very low concentrations of microplastics usually present in these waters, special attention needs to be paid to potential sources of contamination during sample preparation. This method is intended to determine and characterize large numbers of particles in the sample in automatic mode. This method can also identify the nature of the other particles that are outside the scope of this document, for example minerals, proteins, cellulose and pigments. This method does not apply to the characterization of substances intentionally added to or adsorbed on the surface of microplastics. This method does not apply to the determination of the geometric shape of microplastics.

 

Type text. This International Standard specifies a spectrophotometric determination of the pHT of sea water on the total hydrogen ion concentration pH scale. The total hydrogen ion concentration, [H+]t, is expressed as moles per kilogram of sea water. The method is suitable for assaying oceanic levels of pHT from 7,4 to 8,2 for normal sea water of practical salinity ranging from 20 to 40.

 

This document specifies a method for sampling and handling earthworms from field soils as a prerequisite for using these animals as bioindicators (e.g. to assess the quality of a soil as a habitat for organisms). This document applies to all terrestrial biotopes in which earthworms occur. The sampling design of field studies in general is given in ISO 18400-101 and guidance on the determination of effects of pollutants on earthworms in field situations is given in ISO 11268-3. These aspects can vary according to the national requirements or the climatic/regional conditions of the site to be sampled (see also Annex C). This document is not applicable for semi-terrestrial soils and it can be difficult to use under extreme climatic or geographical conditions (e.g. in high mountains). Methods for some other soil organism groups, such as collembolans, are covered in other parts of ISO 23611.

 

This document establishes general principles for packing, preservation and transport of samples of soil and related materials. This document establishes requirements for when chemical analysis of the samples is required. General procedures can be adapted as appropriate when other forms of testing are required (e.g. biological testing, physical tests on disturbed or undisturbed samples).

 

This document specifies a method for sampling and handling earthworms from field soils as a prerequisite for using these animals as bioindicators (e.g. to assess the quality of a soil as a habitat for organisms). This document applies to all terrestrial biotopes in which earthworms occur. The sampling design of field studies in general is given in ISO 18400-101 and guidance on the determination of effects of pollutants on earthworms in field situations is given in ISO 11268-311 This Standard will be replaced by an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) document (either a Test Guideline or Guidance Document) currently under development (OECD project no. 2.47 ‘New Test Guideline on Determination of Effects on Earthworms in Field Studies’).. These aspects can vary according to the national requirements or the climatic/regional conditions of the site to be sampled. This document is not applicable for semi-terrestrial soils (i.e. soils that are partly aquatic like bogs, beaches, marshes, stream margins, etc.) and it can be difficult to use under extreme climatic or geographical conditions (e.g. in high mountains). Methods for other soil organism groups, such as micro-arthropods and enchytraeids (mesofauna), are covered in other parts of ISO 23611.

 

This document specifies methods for the determination of five selected estrogens in whole water samples listed in Table 1 (see Clause 4). The methods are based on solid-phase extraction (SPE; disk or cartridge) followed by liquid or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection (tandem mass spectrometry or high resolution mass spectrometry). Depending on the sample preparation chosen, the sample preparation can be applicable to the analysis of selected estrogens in drinking water, groundwater and surface water containing suspended particulate matter (SPM) up to 500 mg/l, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content up to 14 mg/l (whole water samples). The lower application range defined as verified limit of quantification can vary depending on the methods, the sensitivity of the equipment used and the matrix of the sample. The range is 0,006 ng/l to 1 ng/l for 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and 0,038 ng/l to 1 ng/l for the other estrogens in drinking water, ground water and surface water. The upper limit of the working range is approximately tens of nanograms per litre. For application that targets the measurements of very low level concentrations (between the lowest LOQ and 0,1 ng/l) every single step of the procedure become critical. The methods can be used to determine further estrogens or hormones in other types of water, for example treated wastewater, if accuracy has been tested and verified for each case as well as storage conditions of both samples and reference solutions have been validated.

 

ISO 5667-15:2009 provides guidance on procedures for the preservation, handling and storage of samples of sewage and waterworks sludge, suspended matter, saltwater sediments and freshwater sediments, until chemical, physical, radiochemical and/or biological examination can be undertaken in the laboratory. The procedures in ISO 5667-15:2009 are only applicable to wet samples of sludge, sediment and suspended matter.

 

This part of ISO 5667 specifies the general requirements on procedures for the preservation, handling and storage of samples of sewage and waterworks sludge, suspended matter, marine sediments and freshwater sediments for chemical, physical, radiochemical and/or biological examination in the laboratory. The procedures in this part of ISO 5667 are only applicable to wet samples of sludge, sediment and suspended matter. This document is not applicable to samples intended for biotesting with ecotoxicological or biological assays (which is specified in ISO 5667-16[5]) nor intended for microplastics (which is specified in ISO 5667-27[7]).