Suomen ympäristökeskus

 

This document specifies a method for the sampling and laboratory preparation of benthic diatoms for ecological status and water quality assessments. The sampling and preparation procedures described can be used for later investigations using either light microscopy or molecular methods. Data produced by this method are suitable for production of indices based on the relative abundance of taxa. Analysis using molecular methods is not within the scope of the document.

 

This document provides guidance on characterizing the modifications of river hydromorphological features described in EN 14614:2020. Both standards focus more on morphology than on hydrology and continuity, and include a consideration of sediment and vegetation. This document will enable consistent comparisons of hydromorphological forms and processes between rivers within a country and between different countries in Europe, providing guidance for broad-based characterization across a wide spectrum of hydromorphological modification of river channels, banks, riparian zones and floodplains. Although of lesser focus, it considers the indirect effects of catchment-wide modifications to these river and floodplain environments. Its primary aim is to assess ‘departure from naturalness’ as a result of historical and modern human pressures on river hydromorphology, and it suggests suitable sources of information (see EN 14614:2020, Table A.1) which may contribute to characterizing the modification of hydromorphological properties. In doing so, it does not replace methods that have been developed for local assessment and reporting. Decisions on river management for individual reaches or catchments require expert local knowledge and vary according to river type.

 

This International Standard specifies a method for the quantitative determination of the mineral oil (hydrocarbon) (C10 to C40) content in soil and waste samples by gas chromatography. The method is applicable to mineral oil contents (mass fraction) between 100 mg/kg and 10 000 mg/kg soil, expressed as dry matter, and can be adapted to lower limits of detection. Using this standard all hydrocarbons with a boiling range of approximately 175 °C to 525 °C, e.g. n-alkanes from C10H22 to C40H82, isoalkanes, cycloalkanes, alkyl benzenes, alkyl naphthalenes and polycyclic aromatic compounds are determined as hydrocarbons, provided they do not adsorb on the Florisil column during clean-up. The standard can also be applied to determine any fraction in-between the range n-C10 to n-C40. Volatile hydrocarbons cannot be quantitatively determined using this standard. This will affect the determination of some common hydrocarbon fuels, e.g. petrol.

 

 

ISO 16703:2004 specifies a method for the quantitative determination of the mineral oil (hydrocarbon) content in field-moist soil samples by gas chromatography. The method is applicable to mineral oil contents (mass fraction) between 100 mg/kg and 10 000 mg/kg soil, expressed as dry matter, and can be adapted to lower detection limits. ISO 16703:2004 is applicable to the determination of all hydrocarbons with a boiling range of 175 °C to 525 °C, n-alkanes from C10H22 to C40H82, isoalkanes, cycloalkanes, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes and polycyclic aromatic compounds, provided that they are not absorbed on the specified column during the clean-up procedure. ISO 16703:2004 is not applicable to the quantitative determination of hydrocarbons < C10 originating from gasolines. On the basis of the peak pattern of the gas chromatogram obtained, and of the boiling points of the individual n-alkanes listed in Annex B, the approximate boiling range of the mineral oil and some qualitative information on the composition of the contamination can be achieved.

 

The laboratory assessment of sludge dewaterability is sensitive to the operating procedure adopted for the conditioning step. No generalized ranking of products in order of effectiveness can be given since the ranking changes with the sludge type, dosage of conditioning agent, degree of shearing and dewatering device. The scope of this Standard applies for sludges and suspensions from: This method is applicable to sludge and suspensions of other origin.

 

This Standard specifies procedures for validating characterization methods for physical properties of sludge. This Technical Report is applicable to sludge and sludge suspensions from: This method is also applicable to sludge suspensions from other origin.

 

This document specifies the procedure for a quantitative determination of major and trace element concentrations in homogeneous solid waste, soil, soil-like material and sludge by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry or wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry using a calibration with matrix-matched standards. This document is applicable for the following elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, Ta, W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U. Concentration levels between approximately 0,000 1 % and 100 % can be determined depending on the element and the instrument used.

 

This document deals with the assessment of human exposure from ingestion of soil. It specifies a simplified method for the estimation of the oral bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s from contaminated soils. The method is a chemical extraction using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and can be used at least as a first-tier screening to predict the oral bioaccessibility of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in soil samples. It produces extracts that are representative of the bioaccessible concentrations measured by using the validated UBM (unified bioaccessibility method) test (ISO 17924)[1]. Soils, in sieved form (fraction < 250 µm without prior mechanical grinding) as recommended in ISO 17924, are extracted in an environment that simulate very simply the acidic conditions of the gastric compartment. This document describes the protocol and the approach to calculate the oral bioaccessibility of As, Cd and Pb in soils, usually measured with ISO 17924. From the extractable concentrations of metal(loid)s by HCl, the predicted bioaccessibility in both the gastric and gastrointestinal phases is calculated by taking the equations from simple linear regressions. In a second-tier study and a complementary validation approach, the ISO 17924 protocol is applicable to selected soil samples (approximately 10 % of samples) for better assessment of human exposure.

 

This document specifies the procedure for a quantitative determination of major and trace element concentrations in homogeneous solid waste, soil, soil-like material and sludge by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry or wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry using a calibration with matrix-matched standards. This document is applicable for the following elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, Ta, W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U. Concentration levels between approximately 0,000 1 % and 100 % can be determined depending on the element and the instrument used.

 

This International Standard specifies an instrumental method for the routine determination of the specific electrical conductivity in an aqueous extract of soil, sludge, biowaste and waste. The determination is carried out to obtain an indication of the content of water-soluble electrolytes in a sample. This International Standard is applicable to all types of air-dried samples of soil, sludge, biowaste and waste.

 

Specifies an instrumental method for the routine determination of the specific electrical conductivity in an aqueous extract of soil. The determination is carried out to obtain an indication of the content of water-soluble electrolytes in a soil.