Toimialayhteisöt

 

This document specifies technical delivery conditions for hot-finished seamless, electric welded and submerged arc welded steel structural hollow sections of circular, square, rectangular or elliptical forms. It applies to hollow sections formed hot, with or without subsequent heat treatment, or formed cold with subsequent heat treatment above 580 °C to obtain equivalent mechanical properties to those obtained in the hot formed product. NOTE 1 The requirements for tolerances, dimensions and sectional properties are specified in EN 10210-2. NOTE 2 The provisions that apply under the Construction Products Regulations (CPR) are specified in EN 10380. NOTE 3 The attention of users is drawn to the fact that whilst cold formed grades in EN 10219-1 can have equivalent mechanical properties to hot-finished grades in this document the sectional properties of square and rectangular hollow sections in EN 10210-2 and EN 10219-2 are not equivalent. NOTE 4 A range of material grades is specified in this standard and the user should select the grade most appropriate to the intended use and service conditions. The grades and mechanical properties of the finished hollow sections are generally comparable with those in EN 10025-2, EN 10025-3, EN 10025-4, EN 10025-5 and EN 10025-6. NOTE 5 The requirements for seamless and welded steel structural hollow sections for use in offshore structures are covered in EN 10225. NOTE 6 Spiral welded hollow sections must be used with caution in applications involving dynamic behaviour (fatigue stress) as, up to now, there is insufficient data regarding their performance.

 

The purpose of this document is to provide methods for quantifying the ride comfort of a passenger in a rail vehicle in response to the track sections it is operated over. The methods aim to quantify the effects of vehicle body motions on ride comfort and to make the assessment of passenger comfort predictable, repeatable, objective and meaningful. The methods and comfort scales are validated for people of good health. This document applies to passengers in rail vehicles operating on heavy rail networks. This document applies to measurements of motions. It also applies to simulated motions. Guidance is provided on: - which method described within the document should be used for different scenarios; - typical values for different comfort levels; - the application of simulation. This document excludes health and safety issues, non-passenger carrying vehicles, vehicle homologation and safety, limit values, motion sickness, discomfort caused by accelerating and braking, design guidelines and measurement technology.

 

This document specifies a method for the identification of the type of elastomers in granulates or powder derived from End-of-Life Tyres (ELT). The method specified is a qualitative method only.

 

This document specifies the requirements for container shells for mobile waste containers with a capacity up to 1 700 l covered by EN 840-1 to EN 840-4. Only for container shells with volume optimization – CS-VO, the subcontainer is an applicable model. This document specifies the general performance characteristics of such shells as well as the test methods, and gives recommendations for installation.

 

EN 1998-2 is intended to be applied to the design of new bridges in seismic regions. It covers the design of reinforced concrete, steel and composite steel-concrete bridges and provides guidance for the design of timber bridges. EN 1998-2 is applicable to the seismic design of bridges exploiting ductility in structural members or through the use of antiseismic devices. When ductility is exploited, this part primarily covers bridges in which the horizontal seismic actions are mainly resisted through bending of the piers or at the abutments; i.e. of bridges composed of vertical or nearly vertical pier systems supporting the traffic deck superstructure. It is also applicable to the seismic design of arched bridges, although its provisions should not be considered as fully covering these cases. Suspension bridges and masonry bridges, moveable bridges and floating bridges are not included in the scope of EN 1998-2.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1998-5 (1) This document establishes general principles for the design and assessment of geotechnical systems in seismic regions. It gives general rules relevant to all families of geotechnical structures, to the design of foundations, retaining structures and underground structures and complements EN 1997-3 for the seismic design situation. (2) This document contains the basic performance requirements and compliance criteria applicable to geotechnical structures and geotechnical systems in seismic regions. (3) This document refers to the rules for the representation of seismic actions and the description of the seismic design situations defined in EN 1998-1-1 and provides specific definition of the seismic action applicable to geotechnical structures. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1998-1-1 (1) This document is applicable to the design and verification of buildings and other structures for earthquake resistance. It gives general rules relevant to all types of structures, except for structures belonging to consequence classes CC0 or CC4. NOTE For further details on consequence class CC4, see 4.2. (2) This document provides basic performance requirements and compliance criteria applicable to buildings and other structures for earthquake resistance. (3) This document gives rules for the representation of seismic actions and the description of the design seismic situations. NOTE Certain types of structures, dealt with in other parts of Eurocode 8, need supplementary rules which are given in those relevant Parts. (4) This document contains general methods for structural analysis and verification under seismic actions, including base-isolated structures and structures with distributed dissipative systems. (5) This document contains rules for modelling and verification of ultimate strengths and deformations. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document. (2) It is assumed that no change in the structure and in the masses carried by the structure takes place during the construction phase or during the subsequent life of the structure with respect to the design unless proper justification and verification is provided. This applies also to ancillary elements (see 3.1.2). Due to the specific nature of seismic response, this applies even in the case of changes that lead to an increase of the structural resistance. (3) The design documents are assumed to indicate the geometry, the detailing, and the properties of the materials of all structural members. If appropriate, the design documents are also assumed to include the properties of special devices to be used and the distances between structural and ancillary elements. The necessary quality control provisions are assumed to be specified. (4) Members of special structural importance requiring special checking during construction are assumed to be identified in the design documents and the verification methods to be used are assumed to be specified. (5) It is assumed that in the case of high seismic action class (4.1.1(4)), formal quality system plans, covering design, construction, and use, additional to the control procedures prescribed in the other relevant Eurocodes, are specified.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-4 (1) EN 1999-1-4 gives design requirements for cold-formed trapezoidal aluminium sheeting. It applies to cold-formed aluminium products made from hot rolled or cold rolled sheet or strip that have been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-breaking. NOTE 1 The rules in this part complement the rules in other parts of EN 1999-1. NOTE 2 The execution of aluminium structures made of cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications is covered in EN 1090-5. (2) EN 1999-1-4 gives methods for stressed-skin design using aluminium sheeting as a structural diaphragm. (3) EN 1999-1-4 does not apply to cold-formed aluminium profiles like C- and Z- profiles nor cold-formed and welded circular or rectangular hollow sections. (4) EN 1999-1-4 gives methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for the design by calculation apply only within stated ranges of material properties and geometrical properties for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design by testing. (5) EN 1999-1-4 does not cover load arrangement for loads during execution and maintenance. 1.2 Assumptions (1) For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998. EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with: - European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures; - EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components; - EN 1090-5, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-2 (1) EN 1999-1-2 deals with the design of aluminium structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1999-1-1, EN 1999-1-2, EN 1999-1-3, EN 1999-1-4 and EN 1999-1-5. This document only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design. (2) EN 1999-1-2 applies to aluminium structures required to fulfil a load bearing function. (3) EN 1999-1-2 gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned function and the levels of performance. (4) EN 1999-1-2 applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1999 1 1 and are designed accordingly. (5) The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable to the following aluminium alloys: EN AW-3004 - H34 EN AW-5083 - O and H12 EN AW-6063 - T5 and T6 EN AW-5005 - O and H34 EN AW-5454 - O and H34 EN AW-6082 - T4 and T6 EN AW-5052 - H34 EN AW-6061 - T6 (6) The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable also to other aluminium alloy/tempers of EN 1999 1-1, if reliable material properties at elevated temperatures are available or the simplified assumptions in 5.2.1 are applied. 1.2 Assumptions (1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the following assumptions apply: - the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation. - any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained. (2) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with: - European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures - EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components - EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures

 

EN 1999-1-1 gives basic design rules for structures made of wrought aluminium alloys and limited guidance for cast alloys (see Clause 5 and Annex C). This document does not cover the following, unless otherwise explicitly stated in this document: - members with material thickness less than 0,6 mm; - welded members with material thickness less than 1,5 mm; - connections with: - steel bolts and pins with diameter less than 5 mm; - aluminium bolts and pins with diameter less than 8 mm; - rivets and thread forming screws with diameter less than 3,9 mm.

 

(1) EN 1993-1-1 gives basic design rules for steel structures using all steel grades from S235 up to and including S700 unless otherwise stated in individual clauses. (2) It also gives supplementary provisions for the structural design of steel buildings. These supplementary provisions are indicated by the letter “B” after the paragraph number, thus ( )B.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-5 (1) This document provides rules for structural design of stiffened and unstiffened nominally flat plates which are subject to in-plane forces. (2) Non-uniform stress distributions due to shear lag, in-plane load introduction and plate buckling are covered. The effects of out-of-plane loading are outside the scope of this document. NOTE 1 The rules in this part complement the rules for class 1, 2, 3 and 4 sections, see EN 1993-1-1. NOTE 2 For the design of slender plates which are subject to repeated direct stress and/or shear and also fatigue due to out-of-plane bending of plate elements ("breathing"), see EN 1993-2 and EN 1993-6. NOTE 3 For the effects of out-of-plane loading and for the combination of in-plane effects and out-of-plane loading effects, see EN 1993-2 and EN 1993-1-7. (3) Single plate elements are considered as nominally flat where the curvature radius r in the direction perpendicular to the compression satisfies, as illustrated in Figure 1.1: r=b^2/t (1.1) where b is the panel width; t is the plate thickness. Figure 1.1 - Definition of plate curvature 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, the EN 1991 series and EN 1993-1-1 apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-5 are applicable if - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series or in the relevant material product specifications.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-5 (1) EN 1999-1-5 applies to the structural design of aluminium structures, stiffened and unstiffened, that have the form of a shell of revolution or of a round panel in monocoque structures. (2) EN 1999-1-5 covers additional provisions to those given in the relevant parts of EN 1999 for design of aluminium structures. NOTE Supplementary information for certain types of shells is given in EN 1993-1-6 and the relevant application parts of EN 1993 which include: - Part 3-1 for towers and masts; - Part 3-2 for chimneys; - Part 4-1 for silos; - Part 4-2 for tanks; - Part 4-3 for pipelines. (4) The provisions in EN 1999-1-5 apply to axisymmetric shells (cylinders, cones, spheres) and associated circular or annular plates, beam section rings and stringer stiffeners, where they form part of the complete structure. (5) Single shell panels (cylindrical, conical or spherical) are not explicitly covered by EN 1999-1-5. However, the provisions can be applicable if the appropriate boundary conditions are duly taken into account. (6) Types of shell walls covered in EN 1999-1-5 can be (see Figure 1.1): - shell wall constructed from flat rolled sheet with adjacent plates connected with butt welds, termed “isotropic”; - shell wall with lap joints formed by connecting adjacent plates with overlapping sections, termed “lap-jointed”; - shell wall with stiffeners attached to the outside, termed “externally stiffened” irrespective of the spacing of stiffeners; - shell wall with the corrugations running up the meridian, termed “axially corrugated”; - shell wall constructed from corrugated sheets with the corrugations running around the shell circumference, termed “circumferentially corrugated”. [Figure 1.1 - Illustration of cylindrical shell form] (7) The provisions of EN 1999-1-5 are intended to be applied within the temperature range defined in EN 1999-1-1. The maximum temperature is restricted so that the influence of creep can be neglected. For structures subject to elevated temperatures associated with fire, see EN 1999-1-2. (8) EN 1999-1-5 does not cover the aspect of leakage. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply. (2) The provisions of EN 1999-1-1 apply. (3) The design procedures are valid only when the requirements for execution in EN 1090-3 or other equivalent requirements are complied with. (4) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with: - European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures; - EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components; - EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-3 (1) This document gives the basis for the design of aluminium alloy structures subject to fatigue in the ultimate limit state. (2) This document gives rules for: - safe life design; - damage tolerant design; - design assisted by testing. (3) This document does not cover pressurized containment vessels or pipework. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply. (2) The provisions of EN 1999-1-1 apply. (3) EN 1999-1-3 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), relevant parts in EN 1992 to EN 1999, EN 1090-1 and EN 1090-3 for requirements for execution, and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to aluminium structures.

 

This document specifies requirements to grade hides and skins according to the defects listed in EN 16055. It applies to raw bovine hides and skins, both fresh and salted, intended for use throughout the leather manufacturing supply chain.

 

This document: —     provides the general part of the method to calculate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the liquefied natural gas (LNG) chain, a means to determine their carbon footprint; —     defines preferred units of measurement and necessary conversions; —     recommends instrumentation and estimation methods to monitor and report GHG emissions. Some emissions are measured; and some are estimated. This document covers all facilities in the LNG chain. The facilities are considered “under operation”, including emissions associated with initial start-up, maintenance, turnaround and restarts after maintenance or upset. The construction, commissioning, extension and decommissioning phases are excluded from this document but can be assessed separately. This document covers all GHG emissions. These emissions spread across scope 1, scope 2 and scope 3 of the responsible organization. Scope 1, 2 and 3 are defined in this document. All emissions sources are covered including flaring, combustion, cold vents, process vents, fugitive leaks and emissions associated with imported energy. This document describes the allocation of GHG emissions to LNG and other hydrocarbon products where other products are produced (e.g. LPG, domestic gas, condensates, sulfur). This document does not cover specific requirements on natural gas production and transport to LNG plant, liquefaction, shipping and regasification. This document is applicable to the LNG industry.

 

This document provides a method to calculate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during natural gas production (onshore or offshore), gas processing and gas transport to liquefied natural gas (LNG) liquefaction plant. NOTE          It can be applied to other gases as biogas or non-traditional types of natural gas. This document covers all facilities associated with producing natural gas, including: —     drilling (exploration, appraisal, and development) and production wells; —     gas gathering network and boosting stations (if any); —     gas processing facilities (if any), transport gas pipelines with compression stations (if any) up to inlet valve of LNG liquefaction plant. This document covers facilities associated with producing other products (such as, but not limited to, domestic gas, condensate, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), sulphur, power export) to the extent required to allocate GHG emissions to each product. This document covers the upstream facilities “under operation”, including emissions associated with commissioning, initial start-up and restarts after maintenance or upset. This document does not cover the exploration, construction and decommissioning phases or the losses from vegetation coverage. This document covers all GHG emissions associated with production, process and transport of natural gas to the LNG liquefaction plant. These emissions spread across scope 1, scope 2 and scope 3 of the responsible organization, as defined in ISO 6338-1. All emissions sources are covered including flaring, combustion, cold vents, process vents, fugitive leaks and emissions associated with imported energy. Gases covered include CO2, CH4, N2O and fluorinated gases. This document does not cover compensation. This document defines preferred units of measurement and necessary conversions. This document also recommends instrumentation and estimations methods to monitor and report GHG emissions. Some emissions are measured; and some are estimated.

 

This document provides a method to calculate the GHG emissions from an LNG liquefaction plant, onshore or offshore. The frame of this document ranges from the inlet flange of the LNG plant’s inlet facilities up to and including the offloading arms to truck, ship or railcar loading. The upstream supply of gas up to the inlet flange of the inlet facilities and the distribution of LNG downstream of the loading arms are only covered in general terms. This document covers: —     all facilities associated with producing LNG, including reception facilities, condensate unit (where applicable), pre-treatment units (including but not limited to acid gas removal, dehydration, mercury removal, heavies removal), LPG extraction and fractionation (where applicable), liquefaction, LNG storage and loading, Boil-Off-Gas handling, flare and disposal systems, imported electricity or on-site power generation and other plant utilities and infrastructure (e.g. marine and transportation facilities). —     natural gas liquefaction facilities associated with producing other products (e.g. domestic gas, condensate, LPG, sulphur, power export) to the extent required to allocate GHG emissions to the different products. —     all GHG emissions associated with producing LNG. These emissions spread across scope 1, scope 2 and scope 3 of the responsible organization. Scope 1, 2 and 3 are defined in this document. All emissions sources are covered including flaring, combustion, cold vents, process vents, fugitive leaks and emissions associated with imported energy. The LNG plant is considered “under operation”, including emissions associated with initial start-up, maintenance, turnaround and restarts after maintenance or upset. The construction, commissioning, extension and decommissioning phases are excluded from this document but can be assessed separately. The emissions resulting from boil-off gas management during loading of the ship or any export vehicle are covered by this document. The emissions from a ship at berth, e.g. mast venting are not covered by this document. This document describes the allocation of GHG emissions to LNG and other hydrocarbon products where other products are produced (e.g. LPG, domestic gas, condensates, sulphur, etc.). This document defines preferred units of measurement and necessary conversions. This document also recommends instrumentation and estimations methods to monitor and report GHG emissions. Some emissions are measured and some are estimated. This document is applicable to the LNG industry. Applications include the provision of method to calculate GHG emissions through a standardized and auditable method, a means to determine their carbon footprint.

 

This document specifies methods of sampling bituminous binders, to determine the average quality of the material under examination or to determine deviations from average quality.

 

This document defines the specifications and test methods and also the classification, marking and energy labelling of gas-fired instantaneous water heaters for sanitary uses, hereafter called “water heaters”. This document applies to water heaters: - of types A, B and C as described at the appropriated clauses; NOTE For more information on the configuration of the types of appliances, see EN 1749:2020. - using one or more combustible gases corresponding to the three gas families and at the pressures stated in accordance with EN 437:2021; - of nominal heat input not exceeding 77 kW based on the gross calorific value (GCV); - with an ignition burner or with direct ignition of the main burner. In this document, the heat inputs are expressed in relation to the net calorific value (Hi). This document does not contain all the requirements necessary for: - boiling water appliances; - appliances intended to be connected to a mechanical means of evacuating the combustion products; - appliances which fulfil a dual role of space heating and heating water for sanitary use. This document only covers water heaters where the fan, if any, is an integral part of the appliance. This document is not intended to cover appliances designed and constructed to burn gas containing toxic components.