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1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-4 (1) This document gives rules for the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes actions applied to the whole structure or parts of it, as well as wind-exposed elements attached to the structure. (2) This document is applicable to: - buildings and other civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m; - guyed masts, other open lattice structures and chimneys with heights up to 300 m; - bridges having no span greater than 200 m. (3) The rules contained in this document allow the evaluation of characteristic wind actions on land-based structures. (4) This document is applicable to offshore coastal structures. NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary. (5) This document does not give guidance on non-synoptic winds (e.g. thunderstorms, downbursts, microbursts, tornadoes, etc.), mixed wind climates, nor does it give guidance on how to account for local effects (e.g. thermal effects, funnelling, strong arctic thermal surface inversion, etc.). (6) This document addresses simplified procedures for dynamic effects, mostly based on the assumption of a dominant single-mode response (see Annex E, Annex F and Annex G). General criteria for performing a full dynamic analysis under aerodynamic excitation are not treated in this document. (7) Wind pressure effects of passing vehicles are outside the scope of this document. NOTE See EN 1991 2 for wind effects from passing trains. 8) This document also provides guidance on wind tunnel testing and numerical modelling which can be needed or desirable when the shape or structural behaviour are unusual or do not strictly fall within the rules of the document, or in cases of unusual orography or other surroundings. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions given in EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, 1.2 apply.

 

This document specifies requirements for the composition of CO2 streams relevant to the integrity of carbon steel pipeline systems, including limits on non-condensable components. It establishes the framework conditions for the supply, transportation and distribution of CO2 streams. Considerations related to the health effects of the CO2 stream (e.g. toxicity), environmental impact, or other properties of impurities are outside the scope of this document.

 

 

This document specifies a method for measuring the cross-talk of a cable or between cables.

 

This document specifies minimum requirements for instruments and systems that fall into the class of corneal topographers (CTs). It also specifies tests and procedures to verify that a system or instrument complies with this document and thus qualifies as a CT according to this document. It also specifies tests and procedures that allow the verification of capabilities of systems that are beyond the minimum requirements for CTs. This document defines terms that are specific to the characterization of the corneal shape so that they may be standardized throughout the field of vision care. This document is applicable to instruments, systems and methods that are intended to measure the surface shape of the cornea of the human eye. NOTE      The measurements can be of the curvature of the surface in local areas, three-dimensional topographical measurements of the surface or other more global parameters used to characterize the surface. This document is not applicable to ophthalmic instruments classified as ophthalmometers.

 

This document specifies the determination of whole-body and hand-arm vibration emissions at operator position(s) during testing of mobile machinery. The purpose of this document is to assist technical standardization committees responsible for specific types of machinery in preparing vibration test codes to ensure that such vibration test codes — are as homogeneous as possible with each individual test code having the same basic structure, — are in full accordance with basic standards on measurement of vibration emission, — reflect the latest technical knowledge of methods of determining the vibration emission from the specific family of machinery under consideration, — provide manufacturers with a standardized method for the determination and declaration of the vibration emission value(s) of their machinery, — enable the user of the machinery or the member of an inspection body to compare the vibration emission values of different machinery and to verify the vibration emission values provided by the manufacturer. This document provides requirements for the preparation of vibration test codes (C-type standards), including guidelines for the conditions under which the measurements shall be made (e.g. operating conditions). Information to be included in a typical vibration test code is summarized in Annex A. This document applies to sitting and standing positions. It is applicable to all mobile machinery producing periodic or random vibration with or without transients. This document contains sufficient guidance for designing an appropriate test for machinery for which no vibration test codes exist. It can also be used for the determination of vibration emission values of individual machines. This document is not applicable to rotational vibration and backrest vibration. This document does not present limits or recommended vibration values.

 

This document specifies the chemical composition limits of wrought aluminium and wrought aluminium alloys and form of products. NOTE The chemical composition limits of aluminium and aluminium alloys specified herein are completely identical with those registered with the Aluminium Association, 1525, Wilson Boulevard, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22209, USA, for the corresponding alloys.

 

This document specifies a framework of additional characteristics and associated test methods for bitumens and bituminous binders, which is complementary to other product standards for bitumens and bituminous binders. This document is applicable to bitumens and bituminous binders suitable for use in paving applications, but it is also applicable for other uses such as waterproofing membranes. With regard to paving applications, the following characteristics are addressed: - resistance to permanent deformation (rutting); - resistance to low-temperature cracking; - resistance to ravelling; - resistance to fatigue cracking; - temperature susceptibility; - equi-stiffness temperature and phase angle; - durability (evolution of equi-stiffness temperature and phase angle); - mixing and handling characteristics (paving and compaction) temperatures; - additional characteristics (e.g. solubility, elastic recovery and storage stability). Not all the properties and characteristics established in the framework are universally relevant to all binders. For example, elastic recovery is not relevant for unmodified binders.

 

ISO 11137-2:2013 specifies methods for determining the minimum dose needed to achieve a specified requirement for sterility and methods to substantiate the use of 25 kGy or 15 kGy as the sterilization dose to achieve a sterility assurance level, SAL, of 10-6. ISO 11137-2:2013 also specifies methods of sterilization dose audit used to demonstrate the continued effectiveness of the sterilization dose. ISO 11137-2:2013 defines product families for sterilization dose establishment and sterilization dose audit.

 

This document specifies a method for the determination of the total nitrogen content and the content of ammoniacal, nitric, ureic and organic nitrogen in organic and organo-mineral fertilizers. This document is applicable to fertilizing product blends, where the blend is a mix of at least two of the following components: fertilizers, liming materials, soil improvers, biostimulants and where the following category organic fertilizers, organo-mineral fertilizers is the highest % in the blend by mass or volume, or in the case of liquid form by dry mass. If the organic fertilizer or the organo-mineral fertilizer is not the highest % in the blend, the European Standard for the highest % of the blend applies. In case a fertilizing product blend is composed of components in equal quantity, the user decides which standard to apply. This document is applicable to products that at least contain a total nitrogen content of 1 % by mass. In case of fertilizing product blends, it is unattainable to ascertain the origin of the measured nitrogen with respect to the specific component. NOTE Variations in analytical methods for fertilizing product blends can lead to differing results as some components or matrix interactions can affect the outcome. Validation procedures have shown that developed standard methods are robust and reliable across diverse product compositions, but possible interferences and unexpected results when analysing fertilizing product blends are possible.

 

This European Standard specifies tests for adhesives for wood and derived timber products for the assessment of their resistance to hot and cold water. It can be used for the assessment of the strength of bonds with a thin bond-line. It does not apply to adhesives for structural use or to the manufacture of particleboards, fibreboards and plywood. It does not replace tests on finished products.

 

This European Standard classifies thermoplastic resin based wood adhesives for non-structural applications into durability classes D1 to D4 based on the dry and wet strengths of bond-lines measured under specified conditions after various conditioning treatments. For special applications, further tests that do not fall within the scope of this European standard can be applicable. The adhesives specified in this European standard are suitable for the bonding of furniture and interior structures, panelling, doors, windows, stairs etc. made of wood or derived timber products. This European Standard does not specify the temperature resistance of bond-lines

 

This document specifies a method for the determination of the chloride content in inhibitors by ion chromatography. This document is applicable to inhibitors and inhibiting compounds including mixtures of inhibitors and inhibiting compounds.

 

ISO 8502-2:2017 describes a method for the determination of chloride-containing salts that are readily soluble in water and are present on a steel surface. The method is also applicable to previously coated surfaces. ISO 8502-2:2017 includes a method, applicable in the field or in the laboratory, for washing off the surface while several methods are referred to for chloride analyses.

 

This document specifies references to methods for the determination of the chloride content in organic fertilizers, organo-mineral fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, liming materials and inhibitors. This document is applicable to fertilizing product blends where the blend is a mix of at least two of the following components: fertilizers, liming materials, soil improvers, growing media, inhibitors, plant biostimulants, and where the following category: fertilizers is the highest % in the blend by mass or volume, or in the case of liquid form by dry mass. If fertilizer is not the highest % in the blend, the European Standard for the highest % of the blend applies. In case a fertilizing product blend is composed only of inorganic products, the European Standard for inorganic fertilizers applies. NOTE Variations in analytical methods for fertilizing product blends can lead to differing results as some components or matrix interactions can affect the outcome. Validation procedures have shown that developed standard methods are robust and reliable across diverse product compositions, but possible interferences and unexpected results when analysing fertilizing product blends are possible.

 

This document specifies the characteristics of single-pole circuit breakers, temperature compensated with a rated current from 20 A to 25 A, used in aircraft on-board circuits at a temperature between -55 °C and 125 °C and at an altitude of 15 000 m max. These circuit breakers are operated by a push-pull type single push button (actuator), with delayed action “trip-free” tripping. They will continue to function up to the short-circuit current.

 

This document specifies methods for determining the minimum dose needed to achieve a specified requirement for sterility and methods to substantiate the use of a specified sterilization dose to achieve an SAL of 10-6. This document also specifies methods of sterilization dose audit used to demonstrate the continued effectiveness of the sterilization dose. This document defines product families for sterilization dose establishment and sterilization dose audit.

 

This document specifies the test method for testing the axial coefficient of linear expansion of straight plastic pipes by using the push-rod differential method. Plastic pipes include pure plastic pipes, fiber reinforced pipes and metal reinforced pipes, etc. The test temperature range specified in this document is 20 °C to 95 °C. This document does not apply to plastic pipes with axial expansion coefficient less than 1×10-6 /°C.

 

This document describes a method for extracting, for analysis, soluble contaminants from a surface by swabbing them from their surfaces. With suitable surface sampling techniques, the test is applicable to steel surfaces before and after cleaning, as well as to coated surfaces between application of coatings.

 

Warning The use of this document involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This document does not address any safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This document specifies a potentiometric method for the determination of the chloride content of lithium carbonate with an analytical range of 10 mg/kg to 650 mg/kg chloride.