Toimialayhteisöt

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1998-5 (1) This document establishes general principles for the design and assessment of geotechnical systems in seismic regions. It gives general rules relevant to all families of geotechnical structures, to the design of foundations, retaining structures and underground structures and complements EN 1997-3 for the seismic design situation. (2) This document contains the basic performance requirements and compliance criteria applicable to geotechnical structures and geotechnical systems in seismic regions. (3) This document refers to the rules for the representation of seismic actions and the description of the seismic design situations defined in EN 1998-1-1 and provides specific definition of the seismic action applicable to geotechnical structures. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1998-1-1 (1) This document is applicable to the design and verification of buildings and other structures for earthquake resistance. It gives general rules relevant to all types of structures, except for structures belonging to consequence classes CC0 or CC4. NOTE For further details on consequence class CC4, see 4.2. (2) This document provides basic performance requirements and compliance criteria applicable to buildings and other structures for earthquake resistance. (3) This document gives rules for the representation of seismic actions and the description of the design seismic situations. NOTE Certain types of structures, dealt with in other parts of Eurocode 8, need supplementary rules which are given in those relevant Parts. (4) This document contains general methods for structural analysis and verification under seismic actions, including base-isolated structures and structures with distributed dissipative systems. (5) This document contains rules for modelling and verification of ultimate strengths and deformations. 1.2 Assumptions (1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document. (2) It is assumed that no change in the structure and in the masses carried by the structure takes place during the construction phase or during the subsequent life of the structure with respect to the design unless proper justification and verification is provided. This applies also to ancillary elements (see 3.1.2). Due to the specific nature of seismic response, this applies even in the case of changes that lead to an increase of the structural resistance. (3) The design documents are assumed to indicate the geometry, the detailing, and the properties of the materials of all structural members. If appropriate, the design documents are also assumed to include the properties of special devices to be used and the distances between structural and ancillary elements. The necessary quality control provisions are assumed to be specified. (4) Members of special structural importance requiring special checking during construction are assumed to be identified in the design documents and the verification methods to be used are assumed to be specified. (5) It is assumed that in the case of high seismic action class (4.1.1(4)), formal quality system plans, covering design, construction, and use, additional to the control procedures prescribed in the other relevant Eurocodes, are specified.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-4 (1) EN 1999-1-4 gives design requirements for cold-formed trapezoidal aluminium sheeting. It applies to cold-formed aluminium products made from hot rolled or cold rolled sheet or strip that have been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-breaking. NOTE 1 The rules in this part complement the rules in other parts of EN 1999-1. NOTE 2 The execution of aluminium structures made of cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications is covered in EN 1090-5. (2) EN 1999-1-4 gives methods for stressed-skin design using aluminium sheeting as a structural diaphragm. (3) EN 1999-1-4 does not apply to cold-formed aluminium profiles like C- and Z- profiles nor cold-formed and welded circular or rectangular hollow sections. (4) EN 1999-1-4 gives methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for the design by calculation apply only within stated ranges of material properties and geometrical properties for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design by testing. (5) EN 1999-1-4 does not cover load arrangement for loads during execution and maintenance. 1.2 Assumptions (1) For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998. EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with: - European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures; - EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components; - EN 1090-5, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-2 (1) EN 1999-1-2 deals with the design of aluminium structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1999-1-1, EN 1999-1-2, EN 1999-1-3, EN 1999-1-4 and EN 1999-1-5. This document only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design. (2) EN 1999-1-2 applies to aluminium structures required to fulfil a load bearing function. (3) EN 1999-1-2 gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned function and the levels of performance. (4) EN 1999-1-2 applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1999 1 1 and are designed accordingly. (5) The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable to the following aluminium alloys: EN AW-3004 - H34 EN AW-5083 - O and H12 EN AW-6063 - T5 and T6 EN AW-5005 - O and H34 EN AW-5454 - O and H34 EN AW-6082 - T4 and T6 EN AW-5052 - H34 EN AW-6061 - T6 (6) The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable also to other aluminium alloy/tempers of EN 1999 1-1, if reliable material properties at elevated temperatures are available or the simplified assumptions in 5.2.1 are applied. 1.2 Assumptions (1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the following assumptions apply: - the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation. - any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained. (2) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with: - European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures - EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components - EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures

 

EN 1999-1-1 gives basic design rules for structures made of wrought aluminium alloys and limited guidance for cast alloys (see Clause 5 and Annex C). This document does not cover the following, unless otherwise explicitly stated in this document: - members with material thickness less than 0,6 mm; - welded members with material thickness less than 1,5 mm; - connections with: - steel bolts and pins with diameter less than 5 mm; - aluminium bolts and pins with diameter less than 8 mm; - rivets and thread forming screws with diameter less than 3,9 mm.

 

(1) EN 1993-1-1 gives basic design rules for steel structures using all steel grades from S235 up to and including S700 unless otherwise stated in individual clauses. (2) It also gives supplementary provisions for the structural design of steel buildings. These supplementary provisions are indicated by the letter “B” after the paragraph number, thus ( )B.

 

1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-5 (1) This document provides rules for structural design of stiffened and unstiffened nominally flat plates which are subject to in-plane forces. (2) Non-uniform stress distributions due to shear lag, in-plane load introduction and plate buckling are covered. The effects of out-of-plane loading are outside the scope of this document. NOTE 1 The rules in this part complement the rules for class 1, 2, 3 and 4 sections, see EN 1993-1-1. NOTE 2 For the design of slender plates which are subject to repeated direct stress and/or shear and also fatigue due to out-of-plane bending of plate elements ("breathing"), see EN 1993-2 and EN 1993-6. NOTE 3 For the effects of out-of-plane loading and for the combination of in-plane effects and out-of-plane loading effects, see EN 1993-2 and EN 1993-1-7. (3) Single plate elements are considered as nominally flat where the curvature radius r in the direction perpendicular to the compression satisfies, as illustrated in Figure 1.1: r=b^2/t (1.1) where b is the panel width; t is the plate thickness. Figure 1.1 - Definition of plate curvature 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, the EN 1991 series and EN 1993-1-1 apply. (2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-5 are applicable if - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 and - the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series or in the relevant material product specifications.

 

This document specifies methods of sampling bituminous binders, to determine the average quality of the material under examination or to determine deviations from average quality.

 

This document defines the specifications and test methods and also the classification, marking and energy labelling of gas-fired instantaneous water heaters for sanitary uses, hereafter called “water heaters”. This document applies to water heaters: - of types A, B and C as described at the appropriated clauses; NOTE For more information on the configuration of the types of appliances, see EN 1749:2020. - using one or more combustible gases corresponding to the three gas families and at the pressures stated in accordance with EN 437:2021; - of nominal heat input not exceeding 77 kW based on the gross calorific value (GCV); - with an ignition burner or with direct ignition of the main burner. In this document, the heat inputs are expressed in relation to the net calorific value (Hi). This document does not contain all the requirements necessary for: - boiling water appliances; - appliances intended to be connected to a mechanical means of evacuating the combustion products; - appliances which fulfil a dual role of space heating and heating water for sanitary use. This document only covers water heaters where the fan, if any, is an integral part of the appliance. This document is not intended to cover appliances designed and constructed to burn gas containing toxic components.

 

1.1 Scope of prEN 1993-1-3 (1) This document provides rules for structural design of cold-formed steel members and sheeting. (2) This document applies to cold-formed steel products made from coated or uncoated hot- or cold-rolled sheet or strip, which have been cold-formed by processes such as roll-forming or press braking. It also covers sheeting and members which are curved during fabrication by continuous bending or roll-forming. Sheeting which has the curvature created by crushing the inner flanges is not included. This document is also applicable to the design of profiled steel sheeting for composite steel and concrete slabs at the construction stage, see EN 1994. The execution of steel structures made of cold-formed steel members and sheeting is covered in EN 1090 4. Provisions for bolted connections are provided in EN 1090 2. NOTE The rules in prEN 1993 1 3 complement the rules in other parts of EN 1993 1. (3) Methods are also given for stressed-skin design, using steel sheeting as a structural diaphragm. (4) This document does not apply to cold-formed circular and rectangular structural hollow sections supplied to EN 10219, for which reference is made to EN 1993 1 1 and EN 1993 1 8. (5) This document provides methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for design by calculation apply only within the stated ranges of material properties and geometric proportions, for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design assisted by testing. 1.2 Assumptions (1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 1 apply. (2) The design methods given in prEN 1993 1 3 are applicable if: - the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090 4, the execution quality of bolted connections is as specified in EN 1090 2, and - the construction materials and products are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications. (2) EN 1993 is intended to be used in conjunction with: - the parts of EN 1992 to EN 1999 where steel structures or steel components are referred to within those documents; - EN, EAD and ETA standards for construction products relevant to steel structures.

 

This European Standard defines general terms relating to products of aluminium and aluminium alloys which are helpful for communication within the aluminium industry and with its customers . It includes terms dealing with aluminium products, processing, sampling and testing, product characteristics and different types of visual quality characteristics. It does not include terms dealing with bauxite mining, alumina and anode production and aluminium smelting. This European Standard tries to adhere as closely as possible to the terms and definitions used in other standards or documents. NOTE For materials other than aluminium, different definitions can apply to terms which are defined in this document. This European Standard tries to follow the "common language" as it is used in native English speaking countries, without giving preference to specific idioms of any one of these counties. In cases where in different English-speaking countries different terms are used for the same concept or different concepts refer to an identical term, the appropriate explanations are given.

 

This document specifies the field of application, the dimensional, the physico-chemical properties and the properties of general hydraulic, mechanical and acoustic design of pipe interrupters with permanent atmospheric vent family D Type C, intended to prevent pollution of potable water by backflow, caused by backsiphoning only. It is applicable to pipe interrupters with permanent atmospheric vent in denominations DN 10 up to DN 20. It covers pipe interrupters with permanent atmospheric vent of PN 10 that are capable of working without modification or adjustment: - at any pressure, up to 1 MPa (10 bar); - with any pressure variation, up to 1 MPa (10 bar); - in permanent duty at a limited temperature of 65 °C and for maximum 1 h at 90 °C. It specifies also the test methods and requirements for verifying their characteristics, the marking and the presentation at delivery. Backflow protection devices integrated in flushing valves are similar to DC and are not covered under this document. The requirements are stated in EN 12541.

 

This document specifies methods for determining fracture toughness in terms of K, d, J and R-curves for homogeneous metallic materials subjected to quasistatic loading. Specimens are notched, precracked by fatigue and tested under slowly increasing displacement. The fracture toughness is determined for individual specimens at or after the onset of ductile crack extension or at the onset of ductile crack instability or unstable crack extension. In cases where cracks grow in a stable manner under ductile tearing conditions, a resistance curve describing fracture toughness as a function of crack extension is measured. In some cases in the testing of ferritic materials, unstable crack extension can occur by cleavage or ductile crack initiation and growth, interrupted by cleavage extension. The fracture toughness at crack arrest is not covered by this document. Special testing requirements and analysis procedures are necessary when testing weldments, and these are described in ISO 15653 which is complementary to this document. Statistical variability of the results strongly depends on the fracture type, for instance, fracture toughness associated with cleavage fracture in ferritic steels can show large variation. For applications that require high reliability, a statistical approach can be used to quantify the variability in fracture toughness in the ductile-to-brittle transition region, such as that given in ASTM E1921. However, it is not the purpose of this document to specify the number of tests to be carried out nor how the results of the tests are to be applied or interpreted.

 

This document specifies requirements and describes test methods for deluge valves and their actuators used in water mist systems. Valves tested according to EN 12259-9 are considered to meet the requirements of this document and its technical documentation.

 

This document specifies requirements and test methods for the fire safety of candles intended to be burned indoors.

 

This document specifies requirements to grade hides and skins according to the defects listed in EN 16055. It applies to raw bovine hides and skins, both fresh and salted, intended for use throughout the leather manufacturing supply chain.

 

This document: —     provides the general part of the method to calculate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the liquefied natural gas (LNG) chain, a means to determine their carbon footprint; —     defines preferred units of measurement and necessary conversions; —     recommends instrumentation and estimation methods to monitor and report GHG emissions. Some emissions are measured; and some are estimated. This document covers all facilities in the LNG chain. The facilities are considered “under operation”, including emissions associated with initial start-up, maintenance, turnaround and restarts after maintenance or upset. The construction, commissioning, extension and decommissioning phases are excluded from this document but can be assessed separately. This document covers all GHG emissions. These emissions spread across scope 1, scope 2 and scope 3 of the responsible organization. Scope 1, 2 and 3 are defined in this document. All emissions sources are covered including flaring, combustion, cold vents, process vents, fugitive leaks and emissions associated with imported energy. This document describes the allocation of GHG emissions to LNG and other hydrocarbon products where other products are produced (e.g. LPG, domestic gas, condensates, sulfur). This document does not cover specific requirements on natural gas production and transport to LNG plant, liquefaction, shipping and regasification. This document is applicable to the LNG industry.

 

This document provides a method to calculate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during natural gas production (onshore or offshore), gas processing and gas transport to liquefied natural gas (LNG) liquefaction plant. NOTE          It can be applied to other gases as biogas or non-traditional types of natural gas. This document covers all facilities associated with producing natural gas, including: —     drilling (exploration, appraisal, and development) and production wells; —     gas gathering network and boosting stations (if any); —     gas processing facilities (if any), transport gas pipelines with compression stations (if any) up to inlet valve of LNG liquefaction plant. This document covers facilities associated with producing other products (such as, but not limited to, domestic gas, condensate, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), sulphur, power export) to the extent required to allocate GHG emissions to each product. This document covers the upstream facilities “under operation”, including emissions associated with commissioning, initial start-up and restarts after maintenance or upset. This document does not cover the exploration, construction and decommissioning phases or the losses from vegetation coverage. This document covers all GHG emissions associated with production, process and transport of natural gas to the LNG liquefaction plant. These emissions spread across scope 1, scope 2 and scope 3 of the responsible organization, as defined in ISO 6338-1. All emissions sources are covered including flaring, combustion, cold vents, process vents, fugitive leaks and emissions associated with imported energy. Gases covered include CO2, CH4, N2O and fluorinated gases. This document does not cover compensation. This document defines preferred units of measurement and necessary conversions. This document also recommends instrumentation and estimations methods to monitor and report GHG emissions. Some emissions are measured; and some are estimated.

 

WARNING Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practices. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of any other restrictions. IMPORTANT — It is absolutely essential that tests conducted according to this document be carried out by suitably trained staff. This document specifies methods to determine 99Tc by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) in water supplies, drinking water, rainwater, surface and ground water, marine water, as well as cooling water, industrial water, domestic, and industrial wastewater after proper sampling, handling, and test sample preparation. The detection limit depends on the sample volume, the instrument used, the background count rate, the detection efficiency, the counting time, and the chemical yield. The minimum detectable activity of the methods described in this document, using currently available LSC apparatus, is approximately 5 Bq·l-1 to 20 Bq·l-1, which is lower than the WHO criteria for safe consumption of drinking water (100 Bq·l-1).[4] These values can be achieved with a counting time of 60 min for a sample volume varying between 14 ml to 40 ml. The method presented in this document is not intended for the determination of ultra-trace activity concentrations of 99Tc. The method described in this document is applicable in the event of an emergency situation, but not if 99mTc is present at quantities that could cause interference and not if 99mTc is used as a recovery tracer. Filtration of the test sample is necessary for the methods described in this document if suspended solids are present as the methods presented in this document can only be used to determine soluble 99Tc. The analysis of 99Tc adsorbed to suspended matter is not covered by this method. The analysis of the insoluble fraction requires a mineralization step that is not covered by this document. In this case, the measurement is made on the different phases obtained. The final activity is the sum of all the measured activity concentrations. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for the water samples tested.

 

This document specifies requirements and corresponding methods of test for fumed alumina in powder form for paints and varnishes application.